Table 3.
Univariate logistic regression models of DKD.
| Variables | OR (95%CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|
| SII | 1.001 (1.000, 1.001) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 1.048 (1.040, 1.056) | <0.0001 |
| Gender (versus female) | ||
| Male | 0.986 (0.793, 1.226) | 0.898 |
| PIR | 0.868 (0.813, 0.927) | <0.0001 |
| Race (versus Mexican American) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.121 (0.891, 1.409) | 0.324 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.141 (0.917, 1.419) | 0.232 |
| Other Hispanic | 0.896 (0.667, 1.203) | 0.46 |
| Other Races | 1.031 (0.764, 1.393) | 0.837 |
| Education level (versus Above high school) | ||
| High school or GED | 1.161 (0.849, 1.589) | 0.345 |
| Less than high school | 1.305 (1.027, 1.660) | 0.03 |
| Others | 14.110 (0.515, 386.948) | 0.115 |
| Smoking status (versus Former) | ||
| Never | 0.697 (0.556, 0.873) | 0.002 |
| Now | 0.657 (0.521, 0.830) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (versus No) | ||
| Yes | 2.523 (2.049, 3.107) | <0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidemia (versus No) | ||
| Yes | 1.325 (1.041, 1.686) | 0.023 |
| Metabolic syndrome (versus No) | ||
| Yes | 1.180 (1.002, 1.391) | 0.048 |
| Anti-inflammation therapy (versus No) | ||
| Yes | 0.687 (0.567, 0.832) | <0.001 |
| Metformin use (versus No) | ||
| Yes | 0.651 (0.527, 0.804) | <0.001 |
| Insulin use (versus No) | ||
| Yes | 2.312 (1.610, 3.320) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.999 (0.987, 1.011) | 0.86 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 1.027 (1.021, 1.033) | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 0.987 (0.978, 0.995) | 0.003 |
| Glycohemoglobin (%) | 1.221 (1.164, 1.280) | <0.0001 |
| Serum creatinine (µmol/L) | 1.040 (1.035, 1.045) | <0.0001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 1.411 (1.347, 1.478) | <0.0001 |
| Serum uric acid (µmol/L) | 1.005 (1.004, 1.006) | <0.0001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 0.956 (0.951, 0.962) | <0.0001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 0.990 (0.922, 1.063) | 0.777 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.093 (1.031, 1.157) | 0.003 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 0.997 (0.987, 1.007) | 0.525 |
| AST (IU/L) | 0.999 (0.995, 1.004) | 0.823 |
| Albumin, urine (mg/L) | 1.069 (1.062, 1.076) | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine, urine (mg/dl) | 0.999 (0.997, 1.000) | 0.071 |
| ACR (mg/g) | 1.127 (1.115, 1.139) | <0.0001 |
| ASCVD (versus No) | ||
| Yes | 2.210 (1.747, 2.796) | <0.0001 |
| CHF (versus No) | ||
| Yes | 3.468 (2.526, 4.760) | <0.0001 |
For continuous variables and categorical variables, the unit and the reference group are presented beside the variables separately.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; PIR, poverty income ratio; GED, general educational development; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SII, systemic immune-inflammation index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ACR, albumin: creatinine ratio; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CHF, chronic heart failure.