TABLE 4.
Health benefits of sea buckthorn.
| Sea buckthorn | Effective concentration/time | Study type | Experimental model | Main results | Bioactive compounds | References |
| Antioxidant | ||||||
| Phenolic fraction from sea buckthorn fruits | 0.5–50 μg/mL | In vitro | H2O2 or H2O2/Fe-treated human plasma or blood platelets | ↓ Plasma lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. At 50 μg/mL, the inhibition rate of plasma lipid peroxidation was 60% | Flavonoids | (52) |
| Sea buckthorn extract | 100 mg/kg⋅bw | In vivo | Hyperlipidemic rats | ↓ Oxidative damage provoked by the lipid peroxidation | Polyphenols | (53) |
| Sea buckthorn leaf extracts | 5, 10, 20 μg/mL | In vitro | PC-12 cells | ↓ Relative proportion of total apoptotic PC-12 cells | Ellagic acid, gallic acid, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin | (54) |
| Sea Buckthorn seed oil | 500 ng/mL | In vitro | UV-Induced human skin cells | ↓ ROS generation by approximately 25% | Fatty acids, phytosterols, vitamins A and E, β-carotene. | (55) |
| Anticancer | ||||||
| Polyphenols extraction | 80 and 120 μg/mL | In vitro | Human colon cancer cell | ↓ Expression of cyclins and cell proliferation | Kaempferol and its derivatives | (56) |
| 50 mg/kg | In vivo | Xenograft BALB/c nude mice model | ↓ Tumor volume and kinetic tumor growth | |||
| Leaf aqueous extract | 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 μg/mL | In vitro | LNCaP and C4-2 cell | ↓ Proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells | – | (12) |
| Leaf extract | 6.2, 62 μg/mL | In vitro | Rat C6 glioma cells | ↓ Intracellular ROS ↑ Pre-apoptosis in rat C6 glioma cells |
Phenolics | (57) |
| Isorhamnetin | 12.5, 15 μmoL/L | In vitro | Hypoxia model of CoCl2 (100 μmol/L) promoting maximal proliferation of MKN-45 cells | ↓PI3K AKT mTOR-mediated adaptive autophagy ↑ MKN-45 gastric cancer cell apoptosis in a hypoxic environment |
Isorhamnetin | (58) |
| Anti-hyperlipidemia | ||||||
| Flavonoid-enriched extract from sea buckthorn seed | 100 and 300 mg/kg | In vivo | High fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model | ↓ Serum and liver triglyceride concentrations in dose-dependent manner | Flavonoid | (64) |
| Sea buckthorn fruit oil | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg | In vivo | Hypercholesterolemic golden syrian hamster model | ↓ TC, TG, non-HDL-C ↑ HDL-C ↓ Oxidative stress and liver impairment caused by hyperlipemia through regulating antioxidant enzyme |
Palmitoleic acid | (65) |
| Anti-obesity | ||||||
| Sea buckthorn polysaccharide | 0.1% | In vivo | High fat diet (HFD) induced C57BL/6 male mice | ↓ Accumulation of lipids and weight gain | Polysaccharide | (66) |
| Sea buckthorn fruit oil | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg | In vivo | Hypercholesterolemic golden syrian hamster model | ↓ Weight and blood sugar elevation | Palmitoleic acid | (65) |
| Flavonoid-enriched extract from sea buckthorn seed | 100 and 300 mg/kg | In vivo | High fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model | ↓ Serum and liver triglyceride concentrations in dose-dependent manner | Flavonoid | (64) |
| Sea buckthorn freeze-dried powder | 4 mg/(g.d. body weight) | In vivo | High-fat induced obesity mice | ↓ Body weight gain | – | (67) |
| Antiplatelet | ||||||
| Polyphenols rich fraction from fruits | 50 g/mL | In vitro | Healthy human blood platelet | ↓ Platelet activation | Polyphenols | (68) |
| Non-polar fraction from twigs | 10 μg/mL | In vitro | Healthy human blood platelet | ↓ Platelet adhesion and platelet aggregation | Triterpenoids | (69) |
| Sea buckthorn fraction | 0.5–50 μg/mL | In vitro | Human blood platelet | ↓ Adhesion of resting platelets and thrombin-activated platelets to fibrinogen | Phenolic compounds | (70) |
| Dermatological | ||||||
| Sea buckthorn extract | 8 weeks (twice daily) | Clinical trial | 10 psoriasis patients | ↓ Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) scores | – | (71) |
| Sea buckthorn oil | 100, 200 mg/kg p.o. 20 μL topical application (T.A.) |
In vivo | TPA stimulated CD-1 mice psoriasis-like model | ↓ Ear edema by 34.05 ± 7.65%, 30.45 ± 8.90%, respectively ↓Ear epidermal thickness by 31.80 ± 6.90 μm and 21.91 ± 5.07 μm, respectively, |
Fatty acids | (72) |
| Sea buckthorn oil | 1 mL/kg 4 weeks | In vivo | DNCB-induced AD-like lesions mice model | ↓ DNCB-induced AD severity | – | (73) |
| Sea buckthorn cream | 3-mm thickness (once a day) | Clinical trial | 55 patients with second-degree burns | ↓Period of wound healing and the course of treatment of second-degree burns | – | (74) |
| Sea Buckthorn seed oil | 500 ng/mL | In vitro | UV-Induced human skin cells | ↓ UV-induced disorders of redox and lipid metabolism in skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes | Fatty acids, phytosterols, vitamins A and E, β-carotene. | (55) |
| Anti-inflammatory | ||||||
| Sea buckthorn peel extract | 500 mg/kg | In vivo | 48/80-induced rat paw edema models | ↓ Edema volume | Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid | (75) |
| Sea buckthorn branches, berries, and leaves extracts | 10 μg/mL | In vitro | RAW 264.7 macrophages | NO inhibition rates increased from 73 to 98% | Phenolic compounds | (76) |
| Sea buckthorn leaves extracts | 0.05, 5, 50 μg/Ml | In vivo | Mouse peritoneal macrophages | ↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokine level (TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6) | Tannins, proteins and carbohydrate groups | (15) |
| Sea buckthorn fruits powder | 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 μM | In vitro | RAW 264.7 (the mouse macrophage cell line) | ↓ LPS-induced NO production | 1,5-Dimethyl Citrate | (77) |
| Sea buckthorn flavonoids (Shanghai Yuan Ye Biotechnology, Ltd.) | 0.06%, 0.31% w/w | In vitro | HFFD-induced obese mice | ↓ Inflammatory mediators/cytokines, iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1β | Flavonoids | (78) |
| Antimicrobial | ||||||
| Sea buckthorn leaf extracts | 5% | In vitro | Common skin and wound pathogens | ↓ Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. intermedius, and S. pyogenes) |
– | (16) |
| Sea buckthorn berries extract | 0.15 mg/mL | In vitro | Human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells | ↓ Various proinflammatory cytokines and apoptotic pathways | – | (81) |
| Sea buckthorn berries and leaves extracts | 6 mg/mL | In vitro | Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | Inhibits the growth of MRSA | – | (82) |
| Antiviral | ||||||
| Sea buckthorn fruit peel extract | 12.5 μM | In vitro | HSV-2 virus infected Vero cells | ↓ Herpes simplex type 2 virus yield | 14-Noreudesmanes and a phenylpropane heterodimer | (14) |
| Sea buckthorn leaf extract | 100 mg/kg body weight | In vivo | Healthy Swiss albino mice | ↑ RVNA titers and CTL population ↑ Memory T cells, plasma cells |
Isorhamnetin and other flavonoids | (84) |
| Neuroprotective | ||||||
| Sea buckthorn powder | 1.5 g/mL | In vitro | Aβ-induced Neuroblastoma cells | ↓ Intracellular Aβ depositions and Aβ-induced toxicity | – | (86) |
| Sea buckthorn flavonoids (Shanghai Yuan Ye Biotechnology, Ltd.) | 0.06%, 0.31% w/w | In vitro | HFFD-induced obese mice | ↓ Insulin resistance, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairment in the CNS | Flavonoids | (80) |
| Sea buckthorn berries extract | mL/kg | In vivo | Iron-induced epileptic rats | ↓ Memory impairment, anxiety-like behavior, histological impairments | – | (87) |
| Hepatoprotective | ||||||
| Sea buckthorn flavonoids extracted by MCAE | 200 mg/kg, po | In vivo | Tetracycline-induced ICR mice fatty liver model | ↓ Liver Index, serum Index, TG, TC, LDL-C, AST, ALT | Flavonoids | (90) |
| Sea buckthorn fermentation liquid | 1.75, 2.675, 5.35 g/kg | In vivo | Alcoholic liver disease mice model | ↓ Kidney and spleen injury caused by alcohol, liver hypertrophy, and alcoholic fatty liver | Flavonoids, triterpenes and related SCFAs | (91) |
| Sea buckthorn berries extracts | 20 and 40 mg/kg | In vivo | BDL-induced liver fibrosis model in rats | ↓ liver fibrosis by inhibiting HSC activation | Flavonoids, phenolic acids | (92) |
| Sea buckthorn flavonoids from seeds | 100 and 300 mg/kg | In vivo | High-fat diets-induced obese mice model | ↓ Fat infiltration of liver tissues caused by high-fat diet and the expression of PPARγ in liver and white adipose tissues | Flavonoids | (93) |