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. 2022 Dec 6;13:1061631. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1061631

Table 3.

Group differences in estimations of indirect effects from PM to IA.

Parameters All participants
(95% CI)
Primary school group
(95% CI)
Secondary school group
(95% CI)
Wald test p-value
PM-D1 → FCR −0.126** [−0.147, −0.104] −0.126** [−0.151, −0.101] −0.139** [−0.169, −0.108]
FCR → IA −0.149** [−0.187, −0.111] −0.240** [−0.289, −0.190] −0.097** [−0.133, −0.062]
Indirect effect 0.019** [0.013, 0.024] 0.030** [0.021, 0.039] 0.013** [0.008, 0.019] 0.003
PM-D1 → MCR −0.133** [−0.153, −0.114] −0.133** [−0.157, −0.108] −0.111** [−0.140, −0.082]
MCR → IA −0.061** [−0.100, −0.022] −0.121** [−0.173, −0.069] −0.020 [−0.058, 0.018]
Indirect effect 0.008* [0.003, 0.013] 0.016** [0.009, 0.024] 0.002 [−0.002, 0.006] 0.003
PM-D2 → FCR 0.450** [0.425, 0.475] 0.439** [0.412, 0.466] 0.442** [0.411, 0.472]
FCR → IA −0.149** [−0.187, −0.111] −0.240** [−0.289, −0.190] −0.097** [−0.133, −0.062]
Indirect effect −0.067** [−0.084, −0.050] −0.105** [−0.128, −0.082] −0.043** [−0.059, −0.027] 0.000
PM-D2 → MCR 0.388** [0.363, 0.413] 0.397** [0.371, 0.422] 0.381** [0.353, 0.410]
MCR → IA −0.061** [−0.100, −0.022] −0.123** [−0.174, −0.071] −0.021 [−0.059, 0.017]
Indirect effect −0.024** [−0.039, −0.009] −0.049** [−0.069, −0.028] −0.008 [−0.022, 0.007] 0.003
PM-D3 → FCR −0.017 [−0.046, 0.012] −0.022 [−0.056, 0.012]
FCR → IA −0.240** [−0.289, −0.190] −0.097** [−0.133, −0.062]
indirect effect 0.004 [−0.003, 0.011] 0.002 [−0.001, 0.006] 0.657
PM-D3 → MCR −0.022 [−0.052, 0.007] −0.034** [−0.067, −0.022]
MCR → IA −0.121** [−0.173, −0.069] −0.020 [−0.058, 0.018]
Indirect effect 0.003 [−0.001, 0.006] 0.001 [−0.001, 0.002] 0.379
PM-D4 → FCR 0.036** [0.006, 0.066] 0.033 [−0.001, 0.067]
FCR → IA −0.240** [−0.289, −0.190] −0.097** [−0.133, −0.062]
Indirect effect −0.009** [−0.016, −0.001] −0.003 [−0.007, 0.001] 0.224
PM-D4 → MCR 0.047** [0.018, 0.076] 0.039** [0.007, 0.072]
MCR → IA −0.121** [−0.173, −0.069] −0.020 [−0.058, 0.018]
Indirect effect −0.006** [−0.010, −0.001] −0.001 [−0.002, 0.001] 0.062
PM-D5 → FCR 0.012 [−0.017, 0.040] 0.016 [−0.019, 0.052]
FCR → IA −0.240** [−0.289, −0.190] −0.097** [−0.133, −0.062]
Indirect effect −0.003 [−0.010, 0.004] −0.002 [−0.005, 0.002] 0.763
PM-D5 → MCR −0.027 [−0.055, 0.001] −0.043** [−0.077, −0.009]
MCR → IA −0.121** [−0.173, −0.069] −0.020 [−0.058, 0.018]
Indirect effect 0.003 [−0.001, 0.007] 0.001 [−0.001, 0.003] 0.292

IA, internet addiction; PM-D1 to PM-D5, five dimensions (monitoring, active mediation, restrictive mediation, co-use, and technical restrictions) of parental mediation; MCR, mother–child relationship; FCR, father–child relationship.

*p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001.