Table 3.

Gastrointestinal side effects caused by medications used in patients with hypermobility

	Medication	GI side effects
Treatment for PoTS	Fludrocortisone	Nausea, GI discomfort, peptic ulcer
	Midodrine	Nausea, GI discomfort, diarrhoea
	Ivabradine	Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea
	Clonidine	Constipation, nausea, vomiting
	Pyridostigmine	Abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting
	Octreotide	Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, constipation, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vomiting
Common medications used for gastrointestinal symptoms	Opioids	Nausea, vomiting, constipation, adrenal insufficiency
	Cyclizine	Anorexia, palpitations, postural hypotension, urinary retention, agitation/euphoria
	Ondansetron	Constipation, headache, abnormal sensation
	Tricyclic antidepressants	Dry mouth, nausea and constipation
Treatments for MCAS	Antihistamines	Sedation, constipation, anticholinergic effects
	Sodium cromoglycate	Nausea

GI, gastrointestinal; MCAS, mast cell activation syndrome; PoTS, postural tachycardia syndrome.