Table 5.

Target genes of the candidate miRNAs.

miRNA	Target genes	Functions	Mechanism	References
hsa-miR-21/29a/29b/29c/146a/155	DHCR24	↓β cell apoptosis	Inhibits the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)	[58]
hsa-miR-21/29a/29b/29c/146a/155	CAMTA1	Maintains β cell identity, and promotes insulin synthesis and secretion	Regulates NKX2-2 expression and promotes SLC2a2 and Mafa expression	[62]
hsa-miR-21/29a/29b/29c/146a/155	CD59	↑glucose-induced insulin secretion (GSIS)	CD59 interacts with SNARE proteins to promote insulin secretion	[61]
hsa-miR-21/29a/29b/29c/155	DICER1	Affects β cell mass, insulin secretion, and β cell development	Processes pre-miRNA and guarantees the expression of functional miRNAs in β cells	[80]
hsa-miR-21/29a/29b/29c/155	XRN1	↑insulin synthesis and protects β cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis	Promotes pro-apoptotic protein degradation	[59]
hsa-miR-142-3p/155	PELO	↑insulin synthesis and protects cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis	Promotes pro-apoptotic protein degradation	[59]
hsa-miR-21/29a/29b/29c/155	HMGCR	↑β cell mass and insulin secretion	Inhibits TAP/TAC activation	[80]
hsa-miR-142/155	NNT	↑insulin secretion	Increases the NADH/NAD + ratio under high glucose conditions and regulates the effects of Ca2+ on exocytosis	[64]
hsa-miR-21/29a/29b/29c/146a/155	CDK6	↑β cell proliferation	Regulates the G1/S phase of the growth cycle in β cells	[77]
hsa-miR-21/29a/29b/29c/146a/155	MTPN	Regulates insulin secretion	Controls F-actin formation and fuses the cyst with the plasma membrane	[65]
hsa-miR-21/29a/29c/146a/142	FBXO28	↑β cell survival under diabetic conditions	Protects β cells against apoptosis	[81]
hsa-miR-21/29a/29c/146a	GIT2	Affects insulin secretion and β cell mass	Controls insulin receptor-related signals	[66]
hsa-miR-21/29a/29c/146a	ZDHHC17	↑ β cell survival and glucose-induced insulin secretion	Inhibits the IL-1β-induced NF-KB signaling pathway and protects islet β cells against IL-1β-mediated β cell apoptosis	[67]
hsa-miR-21/29a/29c/146a	STAT3	↓β cell apoptosis and ↑β cell proliferation	Inhibits PTEN expression and promotes the phosphorylation of downstream AKTs, thereby triggering the transcription of β cell-related genes	[60]
hsa-miR-21/29a/29c/146a	ONECUT2	↑insulin secretion	Inhibits the expression of granulocyte proteins, thereby blocking the bioregulatory process of granulocyte protein-mediated insulin secretion inhibition	[25]
hsa-miR-21/29a/29c/146a	ARFRP1	↑insulin secretion	ARFRP1 associates with the Golgi-associated PDZ, coiled-coil motif-containing protein (GOPC), to regulate insulin secretion by controlling the localization of the SNAP25 protein on the plasma membrane	[68]
hsa-miR-21/29a/29c/146a	OPA1	↑insulin secretion	Maintains the integrity of the electron transport chain in the mitochondrion, thereby ensuring the production of ATP and providing energy for insulin secretion	[69]
hsa-miR-142-3p/155	CDC42	Regulates insulin secretion and expression	Promotes insulin secretion by inducing actin remodeling, and promotes insulin expression by phosphorylating ERK1/2 and NeuroD1	[70]
hsa-miR-142/155	SLC30A7	Regulates insulin expression	Regulates insulin expression by regulating Mtf1 transcriptional activity	[82]
hsa-miR-142/155	GNPNAT1	↑insulin secretion and may protect β cells	GNPNAT1 methylation may have a protective effect on beta cells and increases insulin secretion to meet up with increasing insulin demand	[71]
hsa-miR-142	SMAD2	Maintains β cell identity	Maintains β cell function and identity through the Tgfb2 pathway	[83]
hsa-miR-142	RICTOR	↑ β cell proliferation	RICTOR/mTORC2 downregulates FOXO1 and P27 expression by acting on PAKT-S437	[78]
hsa-miR-21/142	SIK2	↑insulin secretion	SIK2 is activated at high glucose levels, and phosphorylates P35	[72]
hsa-miR-21/142	SOX5	↑insulin secretion	Regulates the opening of calcium channels on the mitochondrial membrane and produces ATP synthase for the provision of energy for insulin secretion	[73]
hsa-miR-21/142	TSHZ1	Regulates β cell maturation and insulin secretion	Directly regulates CLEC16A or indirectly regulates CLE16A through PDX1	[74]
hsa-miR-21/142	ABCA1	Regulates insulin secretion	Maintains normal cholesterol levels, thereby preventing lipid toxicity-induced dysregulation of normal pancreatic β cell function, thus ensuring normal insulin secretion	[76]
hsa-miR-21/142	IDS	↑GSIS	Promotes insulin secretion by Phosphorylating PKCα and MARCKS	[75]