Table 3.
Continuum of potential and actual impacts of IAS on zoonotic disease spillover with types of supporting evidence
| Type of impact | Certainty of impact | Type of supporting evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Potential | Very low | Detection of sporadic pathogen presence or low prevalence (< 5%) in populations of IAS outside their native range |
| Potential | Low | Detection of medium pathogen prevalence in populations of IAS (5–20%) outside their native range, especially where less than native species |
| Potential | Medium | High pathogen prevalence in populations of IAS outside their native range, especially where the same or higher than native species |
| Potential | High | High pathogen prevalence in populations of IAS outside their native range, especially where higher than native species, widespread and abundant in anthropogenic habitats, laboratory/dissection studies supporting role in transmission |
| Actual | Low | IAS shown to play a role in transmission to people but low case number or prevalence outside their native range |
| Actual | Medium | IAS shown to overlap spatially or temporally with the distribution of human outbreaks outside the native range of the IAS |
| Actual | High | IAS shown to have changed the distribution or spread of autochthonous transmission or human outbreaks outside the native range of the IAS |
| Actual | High | IAS shown to alter strain diversity and population structure of pathogens and strains shared with humans outside the native range of the IAS |
Additionally, further information is provided on type of transmission and broad host associations and human health impact specifically in Europe noting this study was funded by the European Commission (Supplementary Information 2). Transmission was coded as: A = aerosol transmission, C = contact (skin and mucosal) transmission, O = oral transmission through food (F) or water (W) or vector-borne transmission (V) by either flea (F), tick (T), mite (MI), lice (LI), biting flies (BF), Triatminae i.e. kissing bugs (Tri) or mosquitoes (MOS). The annual cases and case fatality rates are also reported within the tables and all information is taken from European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2012–2018) where data are available