Table 2.
Results of the six 3 (time: t1 vs. t2 vs. t3) × 2 (gender: male vs. female) × 2 (study phase: bachelor vs. master) mixed design analyses of variance.
| Academic burnout | Study engagement | Study effort | Education satisfaction | Online self-efficacy | Attitudes to online education | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | η 2 | F | η 2 | F | η 2 | F | η 2 | F | η 2 | F | η 2 | |
| Time | 20.69*** | 0.03 | 8.21*** | 0.01 | 4.05* | 0.01 | 26.00*** | 0.04 | 9.70*** | 0.01 | 11.04*** | 0.02 |
| Gender | 19.74*** | 0.03 | 3.74 | 0.01 | 1.94 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 1.88 | 0.00 | 0.77 | 0.00 |
| Study phase | 1.16 | 0.00 | 11.31*** | 0.02 | 21.45*** | 0.03 | 27.39*** | 0.04 | 23.04** | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.00 |
| Time × gender | 0.33 | 0.00 | 1.25 | 0.00 | 1.31 | 0.00 | 0.49 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| Time × study phase | 1.19 | 0.00 | 1.05 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 1.20 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 2.94 | 0.00 |
| Gender × study phase | 0.61 | 0.00 | 1.33 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 1.70 | 0.00 | 4.62* | 0.01 | 4.13* | 0.01 |
| Time × gender × study phase | 0.98 | 0.00 | 2.39 | 0.00 | 0.53 | 0.00 | 1.35 | 0.00 | 0.58 | 0.00 | 2.92 | 0.00 |
Eta squared (η2) is reported as effect size and classified as η2 = 0.01 as small, η2 = 0.06 as moderate and η2 = 0.14 as large (Cohen, 1988). ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.