Table 1.
Patient demographics and clinical characteristics at index heart failure (HF) diagnosis
| Characteristic | All patients with HF (n = 202,396) | Patients with HFrEF (n = 66,372) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 81.3 (8.5) | 79.3 (8.1) |
| Male sex | 97,028 (47.9) | 51,180 (77.1) |
| Income quintile | ||
| 1 (lowest) | 53,092 (26.2) | 16,263 (24.5) |
| 2 | 45,518 (22.5) | 14,679 (22.1) |
| 3 | 39,251 (19.4) | 13,317 (20.1) |
| 4 | 32,922 (16.3) | 11,243 (16.9) |
| 5 (highest) | 29,928 (14.8) | 10,351 (15.6) |
| Residence type | ||
| Rural | 39,180 (19.4) | 13,536 (20.4) |
| Urban | 162,129 (80.1) | 52,521 (79.1) |
| Hospital type | ||
| Academic | 68,872 (34.0) | 23,364 (35.2) |
| Community | 133,517 (66.0) | 43,007 (64.8) |
| HFrEF | 66,372 (32.8) | 66,372 (100.0) |
| Alive 6 months post-index | 166,169 (82.1) | 55,882 (84.2) |
| HF rehospitalization within 6 months of index discharge | 45,356 (22.4) | 14,864 (22.4) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Hypertension | 101,265 (50.0) | 24,578 (37.0) |
| Diabetes | 74,413 (36.8) | 27,239 (41.0) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 42,499 (21.0) | 10,005 (15.1) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 61,234 (30.3) | 27,329 (41.2) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 78,865 (39.0) | 19,183 (28.9) |
| Renal disease | 28,103 (13.9) | 8455 (12.7) |
| Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (1–4) |
| Medication history | ||
| ACEi/ARB | 89,082 (44.0) | 45,807 (69.0) |
| Beta blocker | 128,265 (63.4) | 59,461 (89.6) |
| MRA | 31,243 (15.4) | 19,955 (30.1) |
| Digoxin | 23,322 (11.5) | 9673 (14.6) |
| Diuretics | 151,468 (74.8) | 59,086 (89.0) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 81,885 (40.5) | 26,412 (39.8) |
| Hydrochlorothiazide | 24,954 (12.3) | 8648 (13.0) |
Values are n (%), unless otherwise indicated.
ACEi, angiotensin=converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IQR, interquartile range; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SD, standard deviation.