Table 1.

A comparison of PCA with other chemoprotective agents.

	Major Biological Sources	Prominent Mechanisms of Action	Other Chemoprotective Agents	Major Biological Sources	Prominent Mechanisms of Action
PCA	Actinidia arguta (Kiwi berry)	Antioxidant activity [57]	Curcumin	Tumeric	Suppresses tumor promotion via its inhibition of NF-kB, AP1 and Cox2, β − Catenin activities [13], [37]
	Morus alba (mulberry leaves)	Antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities [58]	Capsaicin	Chilli Pepper	Anti-tumor activity via the blockage of PMA- TNF-α induced Ap1 activation in mouse skin and cultured human leukemia HL-60 cells [38]
	Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle)	Nephroprotective activity [19])	[6]-Gingerol	Ginger	Suppresses tumor progression via the inhibition of epidermal growth-induced Ap1 activation [59]
	Hibiscus sabdariffa	Anti-hypertensive, hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities [19]	Resveratrol	Grapes	Anticancer and cardioprotective activity (French paradox) through the downregulation of the activity of the Mmp-9, Cox2, PMA-induced activation of Ap1 as well as NF-kB activity [39], [40], [41], [42]
	Ginkgo biloba leaves (ginkgo)	Antioxidant activity [19]	Indole-3-carbinol	Cabbage	Anti-tumor activity, principally via the suppression of β − Catenin activity [43]
	Prunus amygdalus (almond)	Antioxidant activity [19]	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	Green tea	Exerts antioxidant activity via the transcriptional activation of phase II detoxifying gene expression, strongly activated all three MAPKs (ERK, JNK and p38) [44]
	Euterpe oleracea (Acai berry)	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, neuroprotective and cardioprotective activities [19], [60]	Diallyl sulfide	Garlic	Induces carcinogen detoxification and antioxidant genes, via the abrogation of KEAP1 repression of NRF2 [45], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56]