Table 1.
Effect of heavy metals on embryonic and larval development of fish.
| Species | Dose | Exposure period | Alterations/ type of deformities | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cd | ||||
| Odontesthes bonariensis | 0.25, 2.5 µg/l | 10 days | Reduced embryo and larval survivability | [41] |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | 2 µg/l | 4 days | Larval erythroblasts with MN, NB and BN | [52] |
| Danio rerio | 60 ppb | 7 dpf | Decreased diameter of the saccule otolith, otoliths with numerous fiber between knobs | [53] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 0.3, 0.06 mg/l | 60 days | Lowest survival and growth rate, malformation in the yolk sac, curvature in vertebral column, body shortening, and cardiac edema | [49] |
| Leuciscus idus | 0.1 mg/l | 21 dah | Lowest survival, body length, body perimeter area, swim bladder | [35] |
| Oryzias latipes | 0.18–19.8 μg/l | 10 days | Spinal deformities (kyphosis, lordosis and C-shaped larvae) | [47] |
| Silurus soldatovi | 0.0001–30 mg/l | 144 h | Spinal curvature | [34] |
| Gambusia affinis | 0.4 mg/l | 30 days | Spinal (kyphosis, lordosis and scoliosis) | [46] |
| Pagrus major | 0–3.2 mg/l | - | Cardiac edema, blastodermal lesions and skeletal deformities (spinal curvature, degenerated and hooked tails, fins lesions) | [32] |
| Rhamdia quelen | 0.0005–0.018 mg/l | 21 dah | Deformed spinal column | [50] |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | 0.05, 0.25, 0.50 & 2.50 μg/l | 56 days | Premature hatching, delayed hatching, lower larval growth | [54] |
| Danio rerio | 3.3, 6.7 & 13.3 μM | 80 hpf | Edema (pericardial, yolk sac), decreased pericardial area and length of tail, lordosis | [55] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 0.2 mg/l | 30 days | Growth retardation | [56] |
| Clarias gariepinus | 0.05–5.00 mg/l | 5 days | Reduction of pigmentation, 100% mortality in 1.5 and 5.0 mg/l | [40] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 5–50 mg/l | - | Swelling of eggs with increasing concentration | [57] |
| Melanotaenia fluviatilis | 0.033–3.3 mg/l | 2 h | Spinal abnormalities | [58] |
| Cr | ||||
| Odontesthes bonariensis | 4, 40 µg/l | 10 days | Reduced embryo and larval survivability, morphological alteration (C-shaped body) | [41] |
| Danio rerio | 50, 500 mg/l | 4 days | Increased embryo mortality and heart rate of the hatched eggs | [51] |
| Clarias gariepinus | 11–114 mg/l | 5 days | Abnormal body axis, reduced larval survivability and growth | [40] |
| Cu | ||||
| Oryzias melastigma | 0.32 mg/l | 7 days | Skeletal and vascular system abnormalities (anemia, hemorrhage), reduction of pigmentation, absence of eye | [11] |
| Odontesthes bonariensis | 22, 220 µg/l | 10 days | Reduced embryo and larval survivability | [41] |
| Danio rerio | 50, 500 mg/l | 4 days | Increased embryo mortality and heart rate of the hatched eggs | [51] |
| Leuciscus idus | 0.1 mg/l | 21 days | Vertebral curvatures, yolk sac deformities, shorten body length, body perimeter area, swim bladder perimeter area | [35] |
| Carassius auratu | 0.1–1 mg/l | 24 hah | Scoliosis and tail curvatures | [44] |
| Oryzias latipes | 6.95–23.1 μg/l | 10 days | Spinal deformities (kyphosis and lordosis), yolk-sac mal-absorption, abnormal cardiovascular system | [47] |
| Fundulus heteroclitus | 0.0005–0.004 mg/l | 50 days | Vertebral deformities and inflammatory masses | [59] |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | 0.22 mg/l | 4 days | Increased mortality of embryos | [48] |
| Danio rerio | 0.068-0.244 mg/l | 120 haf | Lateral line deformities (fewer functional neuromasts) | [31] |
| Danio rerio | 50-1000 μg/l | 3 dpf | Low hatching rate, higher heart rate, larger yolk sac | [31] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 0.2 mg/l | - | First developmental retardation, Retardation of hatching | [60] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 0.2 mg/l | 20 day | Curvature of the spine, C-shaped larva, deformed yolk sac, shortened body | [61] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 0.2 mg/l | 30 days | Growth retardation | [56] |
| Clarias gariepinus | 0.15–2.5 mg/L | 5 days | Reduction of pigmentation | [40] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 2 mg/l | - | Larvae with axial and lateral curvatures of spine, C shaped larvae, eye anomalies, deformed yolk sac, cardiac edema | [62] |
| Hg | ||||
| Danio rerio | 20 and 30 mg/l | - | Abnormal fin, flexure of the posterior tail region | [38] |
| Pb | ||||
| Clarias gariepinus | 0.1–0.5 mg/L | 48–168 h | Irregular head, notochord defects, yolk-sac edema, spinal curvatures etc. | [42] |
| Zn | ||||
| Odontesthes bonariensis | 211, 2110 µg/L | 10 days | Cumulative embryo survival was significantly reduced to 40% at day 6 and 10% at day 2 respectively | [41] |
| Danio rerio | 50, 500 mg/l | 4 days | Majority of eggs were dead within 48 hr because of its severe toxicity, the heart rate of the hatched eggs increased with increasing concentration | [51] |
| Pagrus major | 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mg/l | 10 days | Low hatching rate, high mortality, abnormal pigmentation, hooked tail, spinal deformity, pericardial edema, and visceral hemorrhage | [33] |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | 0.3 mg/l | 4 days | Increased mortality of embryos | [48] |
| Melanotaenia fluviatilis | 0.33–33.3 mg/l | 2 h | Spinal deformities | [58] |
MN; micronucleus, NB; nuclear bud, BN; bi-nucleated