Table 2.
Impacts of heavy metals on growth performance of fish.
| Species | Doses (mg/kg) | Exposure time (days) | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| As | ||||
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | 26–77 µg/kg | 30 | Growth reduced accompanied by slower feeding rate, reduced FCE | [105] |
| Cd | ||||
| Mystus seenghala | 1/3 of LC50 | 112 | Lowered average wet weight, body length and condition factor while higher FCR | [106] |
| Ictalurus punctatus | 0.5, 2, 6 μg/L | 180 | Negatively impacted on growth (length and weight) | [107] |
| Pelteobagrus fulvidraco | 0, 50 and 200 μg/L | 56 | Growth retardation; decreased WG and SGR in both 50 and 200 μg/L | [108] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | 0, 25, 50 | 84 | Lowest BW and WG at 50 mg/kg | [109] |
| Danio rerio | 30 µg/L | 35 | Reduced growth and survival rate | [110] |
| Danio rerio | 30 μg/l | 35 | Inhibited body weight, SGR and survival rate | [111] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | 0.5 | 56 | Reduced growth and feed intake | [112] |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | 1 and 3 μg/l | 30 | Condition Factor (K), SGR, BWG decreased, while FCR increased | [113] |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | 0, 5, 500 µg/l | 56 | Reduction in growth | [114] |
| Pelteobagrus fulvidraco | 0.25, 4.92, 48.57, 474.7 | 28 | WG, SGR, FI, PER declined with increasing dietary Cd | [115] |
| Cr | ||||
| Pangasianodon hypophthalmus | 2, 4, & 8 | 60 | The growth and feed utilization increased significantly in the fish fed with 2 and 4 mg/kg supplemented diets | [10] |
| Labeo rohita | 0.4, 0.8 & 1.2 | 60 | Improved %WG, SGR, FER and PER and %ANPU at 0.8 mg kg-1 | [116] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | 4.57 mg/L | 60 | WG, SGR reduced | [117] |
| Platichthys stellatus | 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 ppb | 28 | DLG, DWG, CF, and HSI decreased | [118] |
| Megalobrama amblycephala | 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 & 12.0 | 77 | Highest FW and SGR; lowest FCR in fish fed with 0.4 mg/kg | [119] |
| Sebastes schlegelii | 0, 30, 60, 120 & 240 | 28 | Decreased growth performance | [120] |
| Larmichthys crocea | 5, 10, 20, 40 & 80 | 70 | Higher survival and SGR in fish fed the diet with 5 mg/kg | [101] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 | 56 | produced superior %WG, SGR, FCR and PER at a level 0.5 mg/kg | [121] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 & 1200 ppb | 72 | increased FI at 400 ppb and 600 ppb | [122] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 | 63 | higher FBW, %WG, SGR and lower FCR at 0.5 mg/kg | [121] |
| Ctenopharyngodon idellus | 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 & 3.2 | 70 | improved WG, FER, PER and PR at 0.8 mg kg-1 | [123] |
| Channa punctatus | 2 & 4 | 60 | BWG was comparatively less in fish exposed to 4 mg/L than the 2 mg/L and control | [124] |
| Cu | ||||
| Cyprinus carpio | 0.05 & 0.1 | 90 | Significantly reduced SGR, WG, PER and increased FCR | [125] |
| Megalobrama amblycephala | 1.43 & 9.13 | 70 | Improved growth performance | [126] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | 25, 50 & 75 µg/L | 90 | Decrease in FW, WG, and HSI | [127] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 0, 1.5 & 3.0 | 60 | Decrease in WG, length, CF and increase in FCR | [128] |
| Poecilia vivipara | 5 & 9 μg/L | 365 | Exposure to 9 μg/L Cu reduced fish body weight and length | [129] |
| Pagrus major | 2 | 60 | Increased FBW, WG, SGR, FI, FER, PER, PG and PR | [97] |
| Pagrus major | 2, 4, 6, 8 | 60 | Highest final body weight, WG, SGR, FI, protein gain at levels of 2 and 4 mg/kg | [97] |
| Channa punctatus | 3.7, 4.7, 5.7, 6.7, 7.7 & 8.7 | 84 | Fish fed diet with 6.7 mg kg−1 copper had highest AWG, PER, PG and best FCR | [130] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 20, 30, 40 & 70 µg/l | 28 | Decrease in TL, WG and CF, and increase in HSI | [131] |
| Carassius carassius | 0.30 & 0.60 | 20 | High-concentration (0.60 mg/L) hindered the growth | [132] |
| Poecilia reticulata | 0, 0.004, 0.013, 0.019, 0.029 | 56 | Decrease in FW, SGR, and increase in FCR | [133] |
| Lateolabrax japonicus | 0 & 4 | 56 | Higher FI, SGR, PER | [100] |
| Huso huso | 1.1, 3.5, 7.1, 9.7, 13.1, 25.1, 49.9 & 195 | 84 | Weight gain of fish fed 10 and 13 mg/kg diets was higher than others. | [96] |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | 2.26, 3.75, 5.25, 6.70 & 8.33 | 56 | increased %WG and FI at up to 3.75 mg/kg | [134] |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | 2.26, 3.75, 5.25, 6.70 & 8.33 | 56 | increased %WG and FI at up to 3.75 mg/kg | [134] |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | 2.26, 3.75, 5.25, 6.70, & 8.33 | 56 | PWG and FI increased with dietary Cu levels up to 3.75 mg/kg | [134] |
| Megalobrama amblycephala | 0, 3, 6, 9, 25, 50, 100 & 150 | 56 | Higher WG, SGR in fish fed diets supplemented with 3–6 mg/kg | [135] |
| Synechogobius hasta | 0, 0.15 & 0.3 | 15 | WG and SGR declined | [67] |
| Sebastes schlegeli | 0, 50, 125, 250 & 500 | 60 | reduced the growth rate | [136] |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | 35.7 & 54.1 μg/l | 56 | fish exposed to higher Cu concentrations growing slower | [137] |
| Fe | ||||
| Clarias gariepinus | 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 & 1.6 | 49 | Improved WG, %WG, SGR, FCR in fish fed the Fe supplemented diet | [138] |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | 12.15, 35.38, 63.47, 86.43, 111.09, 136.37 | 60 | FBW, PWG, SGR and FI increased significantly up to 207 63.47 mg/kg diet and then decreased significantly | [139] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 53.9, 90.0, 115.6, 146.1, 176.0, 215.8 & 266.0 | 60 | Improved %WG, FE, PER in fish fed the diet up to 90.0 mg/kg | [140] |
| Epinephelus coioides | 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 &250 | 56 | highest WG and FE in fish fed the diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg | [141] |
| Ictalurus puctatus | 40, 336 & 671 | 70 | Best growth at 40 and 336 mg/kg diet | [142] |
| Ictalurus punctatus | 0, 30 & 300 | 112 | Increased WG and survival; better FCR in fish fed the diet up to 300 mg/kg | [143] |
| Zn | ||||
| Oreochromis niloticus | 80 | 42 | Improved growth parameters (WG, %WG, and SGR) and feed utilization (FCR and PER) | [9] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 15.3, 26.9, 40.8, 58.2, 68.9 & 92.5 | 42 | Enhanced %WG, FE, PER and LPV with dietary levels up to 40.8 mg/kg | [93] |
| Salmo salar | 50, 180 | 180 | Increased SGR at higher concentration, better FCR | [144] |
| Pb | ||||
| Chanos chanos | 0, 42.64, 63.97 & 85.2 | 40 | WG, LG, SGR, FE, and FCR declined significantly at the highest concentration | [145] |
|
Catla catla, |
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|
Labeo rohita |
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| Cirrhina mrigala | 1/3rd of LC50 | 60 | Lesser WG, FI and FCE | [146] |
ANPU; apparent net protein utilization, FCR; feed conversion ratio, LPV; lipid productive value, FE; feed efficiency, FER; feed efficiency ratio, PER; protein efficiency ratio, FBW; final bodyweight, WG; weight gain, SGR; specific growth rate, FI; feed intake, FER; feed efficiency ratio, PER; protein efficiency ratio, PG; protein gain, PR; protein retention