Table 3.
Effects of heavy metals on reproductive performances of fish.
| Fish species | Doses | Exposure period (days) | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| As | ||||
| Anguilla japonica | 0.1, 100 μM | 15 | Inhibited spermatogenesis via steroidogenesis suppression | [24] |
| Danio rerio | - | 68 | Reduced reproductive output, egg production, number of spawns, average number of eggs per spawn and hatching rate | [23] |
| Anguilla japonica | 10−5 M | 6 | Inhibited the spermatogenesis, necrosis of testicular fragments | [22] |
| Cd | ||||
| Oryzias melastigma | 10 μg/L | 30 | irregular oocytes, partly adhesion, empty follicle, and increased follicular atresia, cytoplasmic retraction, cytoplasm condensed form, karyoplasm clumping, loose follicular lining | [27] |
| Gasterosteus aculeatus | 1 µg/L | 90 | GSI decreased in prolonged exposure | [161] |
| Odontesthes bonariensis | 0.25 μg/L | 14 | Testis showed fibrosis and shrinkage of the spermatic lobules, pyknotic cells, reduce of the length of the spermatic lobules | [26] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 50, 100, 150 & 200 ppm | 3 | Sperm quality (motility and viability) and fertilization rate decreased at 100 ppm or more | [153] |
| Acipenser baerii | 0–100 mg/L | 4 h | Percentage of motile sperm was reduced from 10 mg/l to higher conc. | [151] |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | 10, 100 and 500 mg/l | 4 h | Altered sperm motility characteristics and hatching rates | [152] |
| Acipenser ruthenus | 0.1, 5.0 mg/L | 2 h | Sperm motility parameters (motility and velocity) inhibited in higher conc. | [150] |
| Cr | ||||
| Oryzias melastigma | ½ of 96LC50 | 60 | After long-term exposure amount of spawning decreased | [155] |
| Odontesthes bonariensis | 4 μg/L | 14 | Testis showed fibrosis and shrinkage of the spermatic lobules, pyknotic cells in the testis | [26] |
| Oryzias latipes | 4 mg/L | 90 | Decreases in gonad weight, GSI and fecundity, reduced number of mature oocyte and mature spermatozoa in testes | [156] |
| Acipenser ruthenus | 0.1, 5.0 mg/L | 2 h | Sperm motility parameters (motility and velocity) inhibited in higher conc. | [150] |
| Channa punctatus | 4 mg/L | 30 | Decreased the percentage of vitellogenic oocytes | [124] |
| Cu | ||||
| Poecilia reticulata | 0, 5, 10 mg/L | 56 | Lowest reproductive success, prolonged parturition time and highest mortality rate at 10 mg/l | [28] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | 1, 2, 4 mg/kg | 4 | Decrease in sperm motility rate, VCL, VAP, and VSL, | [29] |
| Odontesthes bonariensis | 22 μg/L | 14 | Fibrosis and shrinkage of the spermatic lobules, pyknotic cells in the testis, reduce of the length of the spermatic lobules | [26] |
| Xiphophorus helleri | 0.04, 0.08, 0.12 & 0.16 ppm | 100 | Decreased GSI, gonad not developed in high concentrations (0.12 and 0.16 ppm) | [160] |
| Carassius auratus | 0.25, 0.05, 0.075 & 0.1 ppm | 100 | Decreased GSI, reduced the fecundity | [160] |
| Danio rerio | 100, 500 & 1000 μg/g | 260 | 1000 μg produce decrease in GSI but not significant. | [159] |
| Hg | ||||
| Acipenser baerii | 0-100 mg/L | 4 h | Percentage of motile sperm reduced from 1 mg/l to higher conc and complete obstruction in 100 mg/l. | [151] |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | 1, 10, 100 mg/l | 4 h | Inhibition of sperm motility | [152] |
| Dicentrarchus labrax | 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 & 100 ppm | - | Exposure to100 ppm completely inhibited sperm motility | [158] |
| Oryzias latipes | 40 μg/L | 8 | Testicular atrophy and arrested spermiation | [157] |
| Pimephales promelas | 0.87 to 3.93 μg/g diet | 250 | Lowered GSI, Reduced the reproductive success | [162] |
| goldfish | 1, 10 & 100 μg/L | - | Reduced curvilinear velocity, percentage of motile sperm, and flagella length | [163] |
| Pimephales promelas | 0.88, 4.11 & 8.46 µg/g | - | Delayed spawning, and days to spawning Reduced the instantaneous rate of reproduction, GSI and reproductive efforts | [43] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | 0.08 to 0.54 μg/g | 210 | The normal morphology of the testes was altered, Decreased spermatogenesis | [164] |
| Pb | ||||
| Oryzias melastigma | 50 μg/L | 30 | Irregular oocytes, partly adhesion, empty follicle, increased follicular atresia, loose follicular lining | [27] |
| Carassius gibelio | 8, 13, 24 & 49 mg/kg | 365 | Decreased GSI, affected ovarian steroidogenesis, gametogenesis, ovulation | [30] |
| Zn | ||||
| Clarias magur | 50, 200, 300 mg/kg | 60 | The highest GSI and fecundity at 50 mg/l | [25] |
| Oryzias melastigma | 100 μg/L | 30 | Irregular oocytes, partly adhesion, empty follicle, and increased follicular atresia, loose follicular lining | [27] |
| Odontesthes bonariensis | 211 μg/L | 14 | Fibrosis and shrinkage of the spermatic lobules, pyknotic cells in the testis, reduced the length of the spermatic lobules, | [26] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm | - | Decreased the motility of sperm, inhibitory influence on VSL, low fertilization rate | [165] |
GSI; gonad-somatic index,