Table 3.
Summary of analyses of variance and corresponding posthoc t-tests for perceived stress levels, heart rate, blood pressure, pain thresholds, pain tolerance and suprathreshold pain intensity and pain unpleasantness ratings. The table depicts the main effect of time (pre and post or pre and during the stressor respectively) and group (healthy controls (HC) and patients with chronic musculoskelettal pain (CMP)) and the time*group interaction effects. Posthoc tests were carried out for pre-post comparisons within each group and for HC-CMP comparisons before and after the stressor. Significant effects are highlighted in bold; NRS: Numeric Rating Scale.
| Time | group | Time*group | HC: pre/during | CMP: pre/during | Pre: HC/CMP | During: HC/CMP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart Rate | F(1,37) = 11.26; p = 0.002; ω2 = 0.071 | F(1,37) = 0.37; p = 0.54; ω2 = −0.011 | F(1,37) = 0.41, p = 0.53; ω2 = −0.004 | t(17) = −1.83; p = 0.08; d = 0.43 | t(21) = −2.92; p = 0.02; d = 0.62 | t(37.06) = −0.17; p = 0.87; d = 0.05 | t(36.25) = −0.93; p = 0.72; d = 0.30 |
| Blood pressure: systolic | F(1,37) = 30.68; p < 0.001; ω2 = 0.103 | F(1,37) = 0.61; p = 0.44; ω2 = −0.007 | F(1,37) = 6.79; p = 0.01; ω2 = 0.020 | t(17) = −1.53; p = 0.14; d = 0.36 | t(21) = −6.55; p < 0.001; d = 1.65 | t(33.58) = 0.18; p = 0.86; d = 0.06 | t(36.47) = −1.60; p = 0.24; d = 0.51 |
| Blood pressure: diastolic | F(1,37) = 15.99; p < 0.001; ω2 = 0.070 | F(1,37) = 0.84; p = 0.36; ω2 = −0.003 | F(1,37) = 5.32; p = 0.03; ω2 = 0.020 | t(17) = −0.82; p = 0.42; d = 0.19 | t(21) = −5.35; p < 0.001; d = 1.39 | t(32.78) = 0.15; p = 0.88; d = 0.05 | t(36.82) = −1.84; p = 0.15; d = 0.58 |
| Perceived stress (NRS) | F(1,37) = 71.26; p < 0.001; ω2 = 0.430 | F(1,37) = 2.27; p = 0.14; ω2 = 0.010 | F(1,37) = 3.02; p = 0.09; ω2 = 0.012 | t(17) = −4.71; p < 0.001; d = 1.18 | t(21) = −8.03; p < 0.001; d = 1.84 | t(32.16) = −0.40; p = 0.69; d = 0.14 | t(29.20) = −1.48; p = 0.30; d = 0.51 |
| Time | group | Time*group | HC: pre/post | CMP: pre/post | Pre: HC/CMP | Post: HC/CMP | |
| Pain Threshold (in mA) | F(1,37) = 6.56; p = 0.01; ω2 = 0.025 | F(1,37) = 7.85; p = 0.008; ω2 = 0.115 | F(1,37) = 5.63; p = 0.02; ω2 = 0.021 | t(17) = −2.56, p = 0.04; d = 0.60 | t(21) = −0.51; p = 0.62; d = 0.11 | t(25.62) = 1.62; p = 0.12; d = 0.53 | t(21.42) = 2.90; p = 0.02; d = 0.96 |
| Pain Tolerance (in mA) | F(1,37) = 0.16; p = 0.69; ω2 = −0.005 | F(1,37) = 8.08; p = 0.007; ω2 = 0.118 | F(1,37) = 0.05; p = 0.83; ω2 = −0.006 | t(17) = 0.31; p = 0.76; d = 0.07 | t(21) = 0.31; p = 0.76; d = 0.07 | t(21.72) = 2.18; p = 0.04; d = 0.72 | t(21.82) = 2.45; p = 0.04; d = 0.81 |
| Perceived pain intensity (NRS) | F(1,37) = 5.13; p = 0.03; ω2 = 0.032 | F(1,37) = 2.55; p = 0.12; ω2 = 0.023 | F(1,37) = 7.76; p = 0.008; ω2 = 0.052 | t(17) = 0.75; p = 0.47; d = 0.18 | t(21) = −3.07; p = 0.01; d = 0.66 | t(37.95) = 0.34; p = 0.74; d = 0.11 | t(33.77) = −2.84; p = 0.02; d = 0.91 |
| Perceived pain unpleasantness (NRS) | F(1,37) = 0.30; p = 0.58; ω2 = −0.003 | F(1,37) = 0.00; p = 0.99; ω2 = −0.022 | F(1,37) = 2.36; p = 0.13; ω2 = 0.006 | t(17) = 0.74; p = 0.47; d = 0.17 | t(21) = −1.49; p = 0.30; d = 0.32 | t(37.79) = 0.61; p = 0.55; d = 0.19 | t(37.70) = −0.65; p = 0.55; d = 0.21 |