. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 4.

Published in final edited form as: Mol Psychiatry. 2022 Oct 4;27(10):4307–4313. doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01802-5

Table 1.

Characteristics of study population overall and by tertile of composite brain copper levels.

	Overall	Brain copper (all four regions)			The P-value for tertile comparisons
	Overall	Tertile 1	Tertile 2	Tertile 3	The P-value for tertile comparisons
N	657	217	223	217
Composite copper z-score, Mean±SD	0.000 ± 0.74	−0.73 ± 0.29	−0.09 ± 0.17	0.82 ± 0.60
Copper (μg/g) ^aMedian (IQR)	4.16 (3.6, 4.9)	3.21 (2.94, 3.58)	4.16 (3.95, 4.39)	5.22 (4.89, 5.85)
Age at death, years	90.2 ± 6.2	90.7 ± 6.0	90.5 ± 6.5	89.4 ± 6.1	0.058^b
Education, years	14.6 ± 2.9	14.5 ± 3.1	14.5 ± 2.7	14.8 ± 2.8	0.749^b
Female%	70%	76%	70%	64%	0.029^c
APOE-ε4 status, % present	25%	26%	24%	26%	0.807^c
Pathological diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, %	66%	69%	64%	64%	0.998^c
Global AD pathology score	0.74	0.80	0.74	0.68	0.230^c
Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s dementia^da>, %	42%	49%	40%	38%	0.067^b
Total Dietary copper, mg/day (n = 453)	2.3 ± 1.2	2.1 ± 1.0	2.4 ± 1.2	2.3 ± 1.3	0.520^c

IQR Interquartile range.

The median values expressed in μg/g are based on average values from four regions (inferior temporal, mid-frontal, anterior cingulate, and cerebellum). The tertile categorization was based on composite copper values- z scored of four areas combined.

Pathological diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease based on NIA-Regan score.

Avona comparison.

Nonparametric (Kruskal –Wallis test or chi-square test).

Proximate to death.