Table 1.
Selected characteristics of the study sample by site and sex
|
Brazil |
Guatemala |
The Philippines |
South Africa |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female (n=249) | Male (n=201) | Female (n=229) | Male (n=196) | Female (n=590) | Male (n=686) | Female (n=247) | Male (n=216) | ||
| Maternal schooling, years | 7·2 (3·9) | 7·0 (3·9) | 1·2 (1·5) | 1·4 (1·5) | 6·6 (3·0) | 6·9 (3·3) | 9·7 (2·5) | 9·8 (2·3) | |
| Maternal height, cm | 160 (7·6) | 160 (7·6) | 148 (5·4) | 148 (4·8) | 150 (5·0) | 150 (4·9) | 158 (5·6) | 158 (6·1) | |
| Birth order | |||||||||
| First | 60 (29·9%) | 85 (34·1%) | 37 (18·9%) | 35 (15·3%) | 152 (22·4%) | 128 (21·7%) | 83 (38·3%) | 96 (38·9%) | |
| Second | 68 (33·8%) | 70 (28·1%) | 20 (10·2%) | 30 (13·1%) | 135 (19·7%) | 135 (22·9%) | 58 (26·9%) | 72 (29·2%) | |
| Third | 32 (15·9%) | 52 (20·9%) | 24 (12·2%) | 31 (13·5%) | 137 (20·0%) | 110 (18·6%) | 43 (19·9%) | 42 (17·0%) | |
| Fourth or later | 41 (20·4%) | 42 (16·9%) | 115 (58·7%) | 133 (58·1%) | 262 (38·2%) | 217 (36·8%) | 32 (14·8%) | 37 (15·0%) | |
| Early-life stature, HAZ | −0·17 (1·26) | −0·24 (1·48) | −2·94 (1·12) | −3·02 (1·16) | −2·42 (1·13) | −2·47 (1·12) | −1·12 (0·99) | −1·37 (1·04) | |
| Child IQ | 102·7 (15·9) | 99·7 (15·6) | 102·4 (12·5) | 104·0 (14·4) | 100·0 (14·6) | 98·3 (14·8) | 98·5 (12·6) | 99·9 (15·2) | |
| Age at adult assessment, years | 18 | 18 | 47·4 (2·09) | 47·4 (1·90) | 34·4 (0·51) | 34·4 (0·52) | 28·5 (0·37) | 28·4 (0·35) | |
| Schooling, years | 10·4 (2·2) | 9·3 (2·6) | 4·8 (3·9) | 5·8 (3·8) | 10·7 (2·6) | 9·8 (3·0) | 12·0 (1·2) | 11·6 (1·4) | |
| Adult IQ | 101·9 (14·7) | 100·9 (16·3) | 97·9 (14·3) | 104·8 (15·1) | 99·7 (15·2) | 100·2 (14·8) | 99·4 (15·1) | 102·8 (13·0) | |
Data are mean (SD) or n (%). Early-life stature was measured at age 2 years in all cohorts except in Pelotas (1 year). Child IQ was measured at age 3–7 years (Guatemala), 4 years (Brazil and South Africa), and 8·5 years (the Philippines). Age at assessment in Brazil recorded in integer years and all were 18 years old. HAZ=height-for-age Z score.