Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis among study participants
| Characteristics | PWH (n = 2583) | HIV-negative counterparts (n = 5321) | P valuec | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCA+ | SCA− | P valuea | SCA+ | SCA− | P valueb | ||
| Overall | 940 (36.4) | 1643 (63.6) | 1516 (28.5) | 3805 (71.5) | < 0.001d | ||
| Age (years) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| 18–29 | 71 (14.1) | 431 (85.9) | 36 (3.6) | 971 (96.4) | |||
| 30–44 | 195 (23.1) | 651 (76.9) | 238 (13.3) | 1546 (86.7) | |||
| 45–59 | 332 (43.9) | 424 (56.1) | 557 (36.2) | 980 (63.8) | |||
| 60–89 | 342 (71.4) | 137 (28.6) | 685 (69.0) | 308 (31.0) | |||
| Male | 748 (37.1) | 1269 (62.9) | 0.167 | 1214 (31.5) | 2636 (68.5) | < 0.001 | 0.762 |
| BMI (kg/m3) (n = 7900) | 0.017 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 18.5 | 87 (33.7) | 171 (66.3) | 41 (14.2) | 247 (85.8) | |||
| 18.5–24.0 | 594 (35.0) | 1104 (65.0) | 573 (23.8) | 1830 (76.2) | |||
| > 24 | 256 (41.1) | 367 (58.9) | 902 (34.3) | 1728 (65.7) | |||
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Never | 513 (32.8) | 1049 (67.2) | 688 (22.9) | 2316 (77.1) | |||
| Previous | 144 (46.3) | 167 (53.7) | 272 (52.2) | 249 (47.8) | |||
| Current | 283 (39.9) | 427 (60.1) | 556 (31.0) | 1240 (69.0) | |||
| Regular alcohol use (n = 7888) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 66 (55.0) | 54 (45.0) | 316 (44.1) | 400 (55.9) | |||
| No | 874 (35.5) | 1589 (64.5) | 1196 (26.2) | 3393 (73.9) | |||
| Dyslipidemia | 0.095 | < 0.001 | 0.487 | ||||
| Yes | 565 (37.8) | 931 (62.2) | 894 (32.6) | 1846 (67.4) | |||
| No | 370 (34.6) | 701 (65.4) | 621 (24.1) | 1958 (75.9) | |||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L, mean ± SD) | 4.80 ± 1.10 | 4.65 ± 1.00 | < 0.001 | 5.19 ± 1.03 | 5.03 ± 0.98 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L, mean ± SD) | 2.52 ± 0.81 | 2.44 ± 0.71 | 0.018 | 3.00 ± 0.86 | 2.86 ± 0.81 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L, median, IQR) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.905 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L, median, IQR) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.5) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.4) | 0.004 | 2.0 (1.3, 2.9) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Abdominal obesity, measured as WHR (n = 7900) | 439 (41.7) | 614 (58.3) | < 0.001 | 974 (38.0) | 1589 (62.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 307 (53.9) | 262 (46.1) | 821 (46.8) | 934 (53.2) | |||
| No | 633 (31.4) | 1381 (68.6) | 695 (19.5) | 2871 (80.5) | |||
| Diabetes | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 109 (56.5) | 84 (43.5) | 307 (53.7) | 265 (46.3) | |||
| No | 831 (34.8) | 1559 (65.2) | 1209 (25.5) | 3540 (74.5) | |||
| Metabolic syndrome | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 337 (45.5) | 403 (54.5) | 796 (41.0) | 1147 (59.0) | |||
| No | 600 (32.6) | 1239 (67.4) | 716 (21.3) | 2646 (78.7) | |||
| Baseline CD4 (cells/μl) (n = 2563) | 0.024 | ||||||
| ≤ 200 | 177 (38.2) | 286 (61.8) | |||||
| 201–350 | 255 (40.0) | 382 (60.0) | |||||
| > 350 | 500 (34.2) | 963 (65.8) | |||||
| Nadir CD4 < 200 (cells/μl) (n = 2578) | 436 (37.8) | 719 (62.2) | 0.182 | ||||
| Years since HIV diagnosis (median, IQR) | 1.2 (0.2, 4.4) | 1.6 (0.3, 4.5) | 0.059 | ||||
aCompared between SCA+ and SCA− among PWH, assessed by chi-square test, student t test and Mann Whitney U test in appropriate
bCompared between SCA+ and SCA− among HIV-negative counterparts, assessed by chi-square test, student t test and Mann Whitney U test in appropriate
cCompared between PWH and HIV-negative counterparts among those with SCA, assessed by chi-square test, student t test and Mann Whitney U test in appropriate
dCompared the prevalence of SCA between PWH and HIV negative counterparts, assessed by chi-square test
PWH: people with HIV; BMI: body mass index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; SCA: subclinical atherosclerosis