. 2022 Dec 20;64:40. doi: 10.1186/s13028-022-00656-9

Table 2.

Demeanour, appearance and signs of pain in 1982 cows with LDA, RDA and AV

Variable	Finding	LDA n (%)	RDA n (%)	AV n (%)	Total n (%)	Chi²	Additional tests	P
Demeanour	Normal	8 (0.6)	1 (0.3)	2 (0.7)	11 (0.6)	189^**	Boph	< 0.05
	Mildly abnormal	805^a (60.0)	139^b (41.1)	71^c (23.4)	1015 (51.2)
	Moderately abnormal	500^a (37.3)	176^b (52.1)	189^c (62.4)	865 (43.6)
	Severely abnormal	28^a (2.1)	22^b (6.5)	41^c (13.5)	91 (4.6)
Posture	Arched back	76 (5.7)	17 (5.0)	12 (4.0)	105 (5.3)	1.5^ns	–	–
	Sawhorse stance	31^a (2.3)	22^b (6.5)	22^b (7.3)	75 (3.8)	25^**	Boph	< 0.05
	Abducted elbows	33 (2.5)	8 (2.4)	5 (1.7)	46 (2.3)	0.7^ns	–	–
	Droopy ears	15^a (1.1)	13^b (3.8)	13^b (4.3)	41 (2.1)	19^**	–	–
	Head and neck extended	8 (0.6)	2 (0.6)	2 (0.7)	12 (0.6)	0.1^ns	–	–
	Low head carriage	6 (0.4)	1 (0.3)	2 (0.7)	9 (0.5)	0.5^ns	–	–
	Recumbent	10 (0.7)	5 (1.5)	5 (1.7)	20 (1.0)	2.9^ns	–	–
Abdomen	Normal	1042^a (77.7)	293^b (86.7)	225^a (74.3)	1560 (78.7)	386^**	Boph	< 0.05
	Left flank distended	281^a (21.0)	0^b (0)	0^b (0)	281 (14.2)
	Right flank distended	0^a (0)	30^b (8.9)	52^c (17.2)	82 (4.1)
	Enlarged	15^a (1.1)	12^b (3.6)	24^c (7.9)	51 (2.6)
	Papple shape	3 (0.2)	3 (0.9)	2 (0.7)	8 (0.4)
Signs of pain	Bruxism	209 (15.6)	45 (13.3)	38 (12.5)	292 (14.7)	2.5^ns	–	–
	Shifting weight in hind limbs	56^a (4.2)	19^ab (5.6)	23^b (7.6)	98 (4.9)	6.5^*	Boph	< 0.05
	Muscle tremors	44 (3.3)	14 (4.1)	13 (4.3)	71 (3.6)	1.1^ns	–	–
	Colic	9^a (0.7)	23^b (6.8)	25^b (8.3)	57 (2.9)	73^**	Boph	< 0.05
	Spontaneous grunting	18^a (1.3)	8^ab (2.4)	12^b (4.0)	38 (1.9)	9.4^**	Boph	< 0.05

Boph Bonferroni post hoc test

^Ns not significant

^*P < 0.05

^**P < 0.01

Within rows, values with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05)