Table 3.

Examples of current simulation models for the endoscopic endonasal approach.

Simulation model	Procedure	Study
Task trainers/3D models	Endoscopic endonasal drilling techniques	Tai et al., 2016 (18)
	Pre-operative planning for pituitary adenoma resection	Huang et al., 2019 (21)
	Endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma resection	Okuda et al., 2011 (22)
Cadaveric trainers	ICA injury	Donoho et al., 2019 (23)
	CSF leak repair	AlQahtani et al., 2020 (24)
	Tumour resection	Gagliardi et al., 2018 (25)
VR/AR models	NeuroTouch: endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach	Rosseau et al., 2013 (17)
	Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach	Kim et al., 2020 (26)
	Pre-operative planning	De Notaris et al., 2014 (27)