Table 2.
Household sources of income before COVID-19 in six Asia Pacific countries, May–June 2020.
| Characteristics | Bangladesh (n = 2671) |
India (n = 5668) |
Indonesia (n = 900) |
Myanmar (n = 429) |
Philippines (n = 423) |
Vietnam (n = 3431) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Salaried work with regular income | 133 (5.0) | 10 (10.2) | 255 (28.3) | 45 (10.5) | 74 (17.5) | 717 (20.9) |
| Rural | 63 (3.0) | 276 (7.2) | 206 (26.0) | 32 (9.7) | 52 (16.0) | 467 (15.4) |
| Urban | 70 (12.9) | 302 (16.9) | 49 (45.8) | 13 (13.0) | 22 (22.7) | 250 (61.9) |
| p-value | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p = 0.35 | p = 0.13 | <0.001 |
| Petty trade/owned business | 313 (11.7) | 520 (9.2) | 179 (19.9) | 108 (25.2) | 79 (28.9) | 114 (3.3) |
| Rural | 233 (11.0) | 305 (7.9) | 138 (17.4) | 79 (24.0) | 51 (15.6) | 78 (2.6) |
| Urban | 80 (14.7) | 215 (12.0) | 41 (38.3) | 29 (29.0) | 28 (28.9) | 36 (8.9) |
| p-value | p = 0.01 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p = 0.31 | p = 0.003 | p<0.001 |
| Daily casual labour/migrant worker | 2135 (79.9) | 3945 (69.9) | 243 (27.0) | 237 (55.2) | 221 (52.3) | 1869 (54.4) |
| Rural | 1746 (82.1) | 2743 (71.2) | 207 (26.1) | 176 (53.5) | 180 (55.2) | 1696 (56.0) |
| Urban | 389 (71.6) | 1202 (67.2) | 36 (33.6) | 61 (61.0) | 41 (42.3) | 172 (42.6) |
| p-value | p<0.001 | p = 0.002 | p = 0.10 | p = 0.19 | p = 0.03 | p<0.001 |
| Agriculture/livestock/fishing | 598 (22.4) | 1522 (27.0) | 472 (52.4) | 190 (44.2) | 127 (30.0) | 2338 (68.1) |
| Rural | 576 (27.1) | 1471 (38.2) | 466 (58.8) | 180 (54.7) | 110 (33.7) | 2314 (76.5) |
| Urban | 22 (4.1) | 51 (2.9) | 6 (5.6) | 10 (10.0) | 17 (17.5) | 24 (5.9) |
| p-value | p = 0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p = 0.002 | p<0.001 |
| Government aid/social security net | 75 (2.8) | 479 (8.5) | 23 (2.6) | 9 (2.1) | 45 (10.6) | 83 (2.4) |
| Rural | 63 (3.0) | 449 (11.7) | 23 (2.9) | 6 (1.8) | 30 (9.2) | 73 (2.4) |
| Urban | 12 (2.2) | 30 (1.7) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (3.0) | 15 (15.5) | 10 (2.5) |
| p-value | p = 0.35 | p<0.001 | p = 0.07 | p = 0.47 | p = 0.08 | p = 0.94 |
*p<0.05 tested by chi-squared tests to compare the responses between rural and urban areas.