Table 3.
Changes in food expenditure in rural and urban areas of six Asia Pacific countries before and during COVID-19 lockdowns, May–June 2020a.
| Country | Rural |
Difference (95%CI) (b – a) | Percent change in food expenditure relative to before pandemic (%) (b – a)/a |
Urban |
Difference (95%CI) (d – c) | Percent change in food expenditure relative to before pandemic (%) (d – c)/c | Difference in differences between rural and urban area β (95%CI)b (d – c)-(b-a) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before Mean (a); Median [IQR] | During Mean (b); Median [IQR] | Before Mean (c); Median [IQR] | During Mean (d); Median [IQR] | ||||||
| Bangladesh (1 USD = 84.8 BDT) |
1640; 1500 [1000–2000] |
1814; 1550 [1000–2200] |
173 (215, 132) | 10.5% (+) | 2012; 1800 [1400–2500] |
1791; 1500 [1000–2200] |
−220 (−334, −107) | 10.9% | −391 (−706, −77) |
| p-value | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p = 0.016 | ||||||
| India (1 USD = 74.1 INR) |
1344; 1000 [700–1500] |
1020 700 [400–1250] |
−323 (−349, −297) | 24.0% | 1615; 1500 [1000– 2000] |
1044; 750 [500–1200] |
−570 (−608, −532) | 35.2% | −241 (−378, −105) |
| p-value | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p = 0.001 | ||||||
| Indonesia (1 USD = 14489.5 IDR) |
357,475; 300,000 [150,000–500000] |
267,372; 200,000 [100,000– 350,000] |
−90568 (−129,296, −60930) | 25.3% | 434,519; 350,000 [272,000–500000] |
366,123; 280,000 [140,000– 400,000] |
−68397 (−143,547, 6754) | 15.7% | −18887 (−142,288, 104,515) |
| p-value | p<0.001 | p = 0.07 | p = 0.72 | ||||||
| Myanmar (1 USD = 1646.3 MK) |
40,131; 35,000 [25,000– 50,000] |
36,709; 30,000 [30,000– 49,000] |
−3422 (−5551, −1293) | 8.5% | 42,785; 37,500 [35,000– 50,000] |
29,605; 28,000 [15,000–35000] |
−13180 (−17302, −9058) | 30.8% | −10255 (−15328, −5183) |
| p-value | p = 0.002 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | ||||||
| Philippines (1 USD = 48.5 PHP) |
1669; 1500 [1000–2000] |
1092; 1000 [500–1500] |
−576 (−656, −496) | 34.5% | 2227; 1800 [1400–2730] |
1494; 1250 [750–2000] |
−734 (−931, −536) | 32.9% | −152 (−573, 270) |
| p-value | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p = 0.47 | ||||||
| Vietnam (1 USD = 23,000 VND) |
368,075; 1200 [420–500000] |
357,333; 1000 [1000– 500,000] |
−8530 (−42925, 25,685) | 2.3% | 232,523; 1200 [700–2700] |
160,389; 1043 [650–3000] |
−72134 (−140,700, −35690) | 31.0% | −66330 (−223,690, 91,030) |
| p-value | p = 0.63 | p = 0.04 | p = 0.40 | ||||||
a
BDT, Bangladesh Taka; INR, Indian Rupee; IDR, Indonesian Rupiah; MK, Myanmar Kyat; PHP, Philippine Peso; VND, Vietnamese Dong. Currency data provided by Morningstar for Currency and Coinbase for Cryptocurrency, June 18, 2021.
b
All β-coefficient (95%CI) were adjusted for the gender of respondent, the household head status of the respondent, family size, and age and accounted for community clustering.