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. 2022 Oct 31;13(6):e02308-22. doi: 10.1128/mbio.02308-22

FIG 5.

FIG 5

SARS-CoV-2 infection induces marked transcriptional and epigenetic changes in two-dimensional cultures of primary astrocytes. (A) Volcano plot of changes in gene expression comparing mock-infected to SARS-CoV-2 (WA1)-infected cultures (MOI = 5) at 96 hpi. Selected changes in type I IFN response genes, inflammatory genes, and genes involved in ion transport are highlighted. (B) Heat map of interferon-inducible and inflammation-related genes upregulated during SARS-CoV-2 infection of primary astrocytes. Astrocytes were infected by SARS-CoV-2 at an MOI of 1 (SARS-CoV-2 low) or an MOI of 5 (SARS-CoV-2 high). (C) Bubble plots showing the significant biological processes of upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in astrocytes. CPRR, cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA. (D) Bubble plots showing the significant biological processes of downregulated DEGs in infected astrocytes. (E) DNA methylation differences in DEGs following mock or SARS-CoV-2 infection at an MOI of 5 at 96 hpi. SMOC2 (intron), FGR (exon), PRKCB (intron), NOD2 (intron), SHFL (promoter), ZCCHC3 (promoter), IFI6 (intron), ISG15 (intron), ISG20 (promoter), ZBP1 (exon), MX1 (promoter), PARVG (intron), and CLSTN2 (intron) are shown.