Table 2.

The relationship between psychological (in)flexibility and outcomes, and heterogeneity.

		# Studies	# ES	Mean r	95% CI	% var. at level 1	Level 2 variance	% Var. at level 2	Level 3 variance	% Var. at level 3	Heterogeneity
											Q	P	I2 (%)
PI	Pain intensity	21	26	0.26	0.22, 0.30	56.09	0.00	27.39	0.00	16.52	44.37	<0.01	43.70
	Dysfunction	19	32	0.48	0.43, 0.52	24.57	0.01**	62.23	0.00	13.21
	Anxiety	12	14	0.55	0.47, 0.62	14.50	0.16**	85.50	0.00	0.00
	Depression	16	20	0.57	0.51, 0.62	23.52	0.00	3.79	0.02*	72.69
	Quality of life	9	13	−0.47	−0.53, −0.41	36.24	0.1**	63.75	0.00	0.00
	Risk behaviors	2	2	0.41	−0.18, 0.77						27.10	<0.01	93.60
PF	Pain intensity	4	4	−0.32	−0.49, −0.14						49.65	<0.01	91.21
	Dysfunction	3	5	−0.40	−0.60, −0.17	12.60	0.19**	84.63	0.03	2.77

PI, psychological inflexibility; PF, psychological flexibility; # Studies, number of studies; # ES, number of effect sizes; CI, confidence interval; Sig, significance; Mean r, Mean effect size expressed as a Pearson's correlation; Var, variance; Level 1 variance = sampling variance of observed effect sizes; Level 2 variance = variance between effect sizes extracted from the same study; Level 3 variance = variance between studies.

^*p < 0.05;

^**p < 0.01.