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. 2007 Nov 30;13(1 Suppl):S23–S50. doi: 10.2188/jea.13.1sup_23

Table 4. Nutrient intakes (energy density) assessed with DR by season.

Sex
　Nutrient		 3 areas (Ninohe, Yokote, and Saku PHC areas) 4 areas
Winter (7-days) Spring (7-days) Summer (7-days) Autumn (7-days) Two-way ANOVA1 Winter (7-days) Summer (7-days) Paired t-test1
Mean ± SD Median Mean ± SD Median Mean ± SD Median Mean ± SD Median Mean ± SD Median Mean ± SD Median
Men (n=75) (n=102)
　Protein (%E) 16.2 ± 1.9 16.0 15.7 ± 1.8 15.5 15.7 ± 1.9 15.4 15.7 ± 1.8 15.5 0.048 16.3 ± 1.9 16.3 15.8 ± 2.0 15.5 0.014
　Total fat (%E) 21.8 ± 4.0 21.5 21.2 ± 3.7 21.2 21.6 ± 3.9 21.2 21.2 ± 4.0 21.1 0.483 23.3 ± 4.9 22.6 23.3 ± 5.2 23.2 0.954
　Carbohydrate (%E) 54.8 ± 6.2 54.2 55.6 ± 6.0 55.5 55.5 ± 7.1 55.9 56.2 ± 6.4 56.5 0.167 53.3 ± 6.8 52.9 53.4 ± 7.9 54.7 0.839
　Alcohol (%E) 6.7 ± 5.9 5.7 6.7 ± 5.7 5.5 6.6 ± 5.8 5.4 6.3 ± 5.9 4.4 0.796 6.5 ± 6.5 4.6 6.7 ± 6.5 4.9 0.769
　Calcium (mg/1000 kcal) 286 ± 60 279 267 ± 65 251 273 ± 79 262 279 ± 75 271 0.094 273 ± 68 268 263 ± 79 259 0.160
　Phosphorus (mg/1000 kcal) 619 ± 65 611 611 ± 65 608 616 ± 74 609 607 ± 69 594 0.389 609 ± 70 606 606 ± 75 603 0.698
　Iron (mg/1000 kcal) 5.8 ± 1.0 5.6 5.4 ± 1.0 5.4 5.3 ± 0.9 5.1 5.4 ± 0.9 5.4 <0.001 5.9 ± 1.0 5.6 5.3 ± 1.0 5.2 <0.001
　Sodium (mg/1000 kcal) 2440 ± 507 2365 2321 ± 483 2254 2423 ± 498 2417 2364 ± 459 2313 0.071 2358 ± 509 2348 2291 ± 524 2288 0.165
　Potassium (mg/1000 kcal) 1407 ± 219 1396 1355 ± 224 1329 1392 ± 245 1372 1351 ± 210 1350 0.036 1430 ± 232 1403 1370 ± 251 1322 0.010
　Retinal (µg/1000 kcal) 191 ± 220 86 170 ± 280 74 140 ± 328 76 178 ± 346 79 0.783 200 ± 247 84 170 ± 337 77 0.433
　Carotene (µg/1000 kcal) 1579 ± 645 1510 1227 ± 544 1224 1048 ± 554 877 1182 ± 613 1029 <0.001 1736 ± 705 1706 1206 ± 717 1031 <0.001
　Vitamin B1 (mg/1000 kcal) 0.6 ± 0.1 0.5 0.6 ± 0.2 0.5 0.5 ± 0.1 0.5 0.5 ± 0.1 0.5 0.310 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 0.6 ± 0.1 0.5 0.395
　Vitamin B2 (mg/1000 kcal) 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 0.7 ± 0.1 0.6 0.7 ± 0.2 0.6 0.7 ± 0.1 0.6 0.285 0.7 ± 0.1 0.6 0.7 ± 0.2 0.6 0.493
　Niacin (mg/1000 kcal) 9.3 ± 1.6 9.2 9.3 ± 1.7 9.2 9.3 ± 1.8 9.4 8.7 ± 1.4 8.6 0.011 9.6 ± 1.6 9.4 9.5 ± 1.8 9.7 0.658
　Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal) 54.6 ± 16.1 53.7 46.9 ± 16.7 43.3 51.0 ± 22.9 47.1 62.0 ± 22.6 58.9 <0.001 55.0 ± 15.7 53.7 58.3 ± 31.2 53.1 0.241
　Cholesterol (mg/1000 kcal) 180 ± 48 183 176 ± 47 169 186 ± 56 179 183 ± 45 184 0.654 177 ± 47 183 185 ± 52 182 0.275
Women (n=85) (n=113)
　Protein (%E) 17.1 ± 3.7 16.6 16.8 ± 1.8 16.5 16.6 ± 2.0 16.2 16.6 ± 1.7 16.6 0.106 17.1 ± 1.9 17.3 16.6 ± 1.9 16.4 0.014
　Total fat (%E) 25.7 ± 6.4 25.2 24.9 ± 3.9 25.0 25.5 ± 4.1 25.8 24.1 ± 4.1 24.1 0.005 26.9 ± 4.7 26.7 26.7 ± 4.7 26.7 0.683
　Carbohydrate (%E) 56.9 ± 9.0 56.5 57.4 ± 4.9 57.4 57.3 ± 5.2 57.4 58.8 ± 5.1 58.8 0.005 55.7 ± 5.7 56.3 56.0 ± 5.9 56.5 0.506
　Alcohol (%E) 0.7 ± 1.6 0.3 0.7 ± 1.2 0.3 0.7 ± 1.2 0.3 0.7 ± 1.3 0.4 0.702 0.5 ± 1.3 0.2 0.6 ± 1.2 0.2 0.279
　Calcium (mg/1000 kcal) 355 ± 73 351 329 ± 75 333 334 ± 84 330 334 ± 87 315 0.023 347 ± 90 345 322 ± 85 315 0.004
　Phosphorus (mg/1000 kcal) 661 ± 68 655 654 ± 71 655 652 ± 68 654 641 ± 70 636 0.098 655 ± 77 647 641 ± 71 642 0.053
　Iron (mg/1000 kcal) 6.7 ± 1.0 6.7 6.2 ± 0.9 6.1 6.0 ± 1.0 5.8 6.1 ± 1.0 5.9 <0.001 6.7 ± 1.1 6.7 5.9 ± 1.0 5.8 <0.001
　Sodium (mg/1000 kcal) 2807 ± 505 2752 2552 ± 485 2457 2746 ± 531 2739 2664 ± 534 2608 <0.001 2656 ± 553 2647 2589 ± 590 2593 0.219
　Potassium (mg/1000 kcal) 1672 ± 277 1598 1580 ± 266 1568 1665 ± 279 1616 1598 ± 232 1573 0.001 1683 ± 297 1616 1620 ± 279 1594 0.022
　Retinol (µg/1000 kcal) 280 ± 549 90 172 ± 253 94 154 ± 228 92 151 ± 193 91 0.042 279 ± 508 93 171 ± 261 92 0.033
　Carotene (µg/1000 kcal) 2013 ± 753 1935 1573 ± 777 1397 1486 ± 728 1353 1477 ± 715 1321 <0.001 2112 ± 795 2047 1593 ± 814 1433 <0.001
　Vitamin B1 (mg/1000 kcal) 0.62 ± 0.13 0.61 0.62 ± 0.16 0.59 0.61 ± 0.09 0.60 0.59 ± 0.09 0.58 0.220 0.64 ± 0.14 0.62 0.61 ± 0.10 0.60 0.026
　Vitamin B2 (mg/1000 kcal) 0.80 ± 0.15 0.78 0.76 ± 0.13 0.74 0.77 ± 0.15 0.77 0.75 ± 0.14 0.73 0.038 0.79 ± 0.16 0.78 0.76 ± 0.15 0.76 0.057
　Niacin (mg/1000 kcal) 9.2 ± 1.5 9.2 9.3 ± 1.9 9.0 9.2 ± 1.5 9.1 9.0 ± 1.3 8.9 0.421 9.5 ± 1.6 9.3 9.3 ± 1.7 9.1 0.351
　Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal) 77.5 ± 22.8 73.7 63.6 ± 24.1 56.1 69.9 ± 28.5 66.9 85.8 ± 30.8 82.1 <0.001 75.0 ± 22.6 73.7 77.6 ± 40.1 70.2 0.405
　Cholesterol (mg/1000 kcal) 199 ± 55 191 192 ± 51 191 203 ± 60 197 199 ± 51 202 0.585 198 ± 57 190 201 ± 57 194 0.745

1P-value for seasonal difference after adjusting for area difference.