. 2022 Dec 13;2022:7905120. doi: 10.1155/2022/7905120

Table 2.

Differences between measurements of spatiotemporal gait parameters: “no-pole”(1) vs. “classical pole”(2) vs. “mechatronic pole”(3).

Parameters	Sex	(1) M ± SD	(2) M ± SD	(3) M ± SD	p value, ANOVA, or Friedman test	Significant differences (1)-(2)-(3) (according to post hoc test)
Stance phase LT (%)	Males	59.80 ± 1.90	58.97 ± 1.85	58.76 ± 1.50	0.229
Stance phase LT (%)	Females	62.01 ± 2.64	61.98 ± 1.67	61.69 ± 1.64	0.229

Stance phase RT (%)	Males	59.57 ± 1.62	58.17 ± 0.93	58.40 ± 1.58	0.027 η_p² = 0.19	Males: (1)-(2)
Stance phase RT (%)	Females	62.20 ± 2.30	62.06 ± 1.64	61.69 ± 1.30	0.027 η_p² = 0.19	Males: (1)-(2)

Load response LT (%)	Males	9.50 ± 1.85	8.56 ± 1.59	8.44 ± 1.32	0.065
Load response LT (%)	Females	12.20 ± 2.57	11.89 ± 1.75	11.50 ± 1.25	0.065

Load response RT (%)	Males	9.84 ± 1.61	8.83 ± 1.58	8.78 ± 1.73	0.267
Load response RT (%)	Females	11.99 ± 2.35	12.11 ± 1.38	11.81 ± 1.73	0.267

Single support LT (%)	Males	40.43 ± 1.63	41.44 ± 1.62	41.31 ± 1.63	0.098
Single support LT (%)	Females	37.80 ± 2.32	37.99 ± 1.61	38.36 ± 1.31	0.098

Single support RT (%)	Males	40.21 ± 1.89	40.96 ± 1.89	41.16 ± 1.52	0.368
Single support RT (%)	Females	38.00 ± 2.63	38.03 ± 1.66	38.37 ± 1.66	0.368

Preswing LT (%)	Males	9.86 ± 1.62	8.99 ± 1.77	8.98 ± 1.82	0.241
Preswing LT (%)	Females	11.996 ± 2.342	12.09 ± 1.33	11.81 ± 1.74	0.241

Preswing RT (%)	Males	9.52 ± 1.84	8.35 ± 1.37	8.43 ± 1.33	0.524
Preswing RT (%)	Females	12.21 ± 2.56	11.92 ± 1.75	11.52 ± 1.27	0.524

Swing phase LT (%)	Males	40.20 ± 1.89	41.03 ± 1.85	41.24 ± 1.50	0.270
Swing phase LT (%)	Females	37.99 ± 2.64	38.02 ± 1.67	38.30 ± 1.64	0.270

Swing phase RT (%)	Males	40.43 ± 1.62	41.84 ± 0.93	41.60 ± 1.58	0.027 η_p² = 0.19	Males: (1)-(2)
Swing phase RT (%)	Females	37.80 ± 2.30	37.94 ± 1.64	38.31 ± 1.30	0.027 η_p² = 0.19	Males: (1)-(2)

Double stance (%)	Males	19.36 ± 3.40	17.37 ± 2.73	17.32 ± 2.68	0.095
Double stance (%)	Females	24.19 ± 4.87	24.00 ± 2.56	23.31 ± 2.57	0.095

Step length LT (cm)	Males	72.90 ± 5.76	82.33 ± 5.01	82.04 ± 11.80	0.028	Males: (1)-(2)
Step length LT (cm)	Females	68.39 ± 2.50	71.52 ± 5.30	69.70 ± 7.63	0.028	Males: (1)-(2)

Step length RT (cm)	Males	74.00 ± 8.68	83.94 ± 7.28	78.85 ± 12.46	0.004 η_p² = 0.28	Males: (1)-(2)
Step length RT (cm)	Females	68.01 ± 4.72	73.29 ± 7.31	76.96 ± 7.20	0.004 η_p² = 0.28	Males: (1)-(2)

Stride length (cm)	Males	152.77 ± 20.78	163.76 ± 16.49	164.19 ± 17.99	0.037 η_p² = 0.18	(1)-(3)
Stride length (cm)	Females	137.98 ± 7.17	146.82 ± 11.29	150.37 ± 17.67	0.037 η_p² = 0.18	(1)-(3)

Velocity (m/s)	Males	1.35 ± 0.27	1.33 ± 0.19	1.40 ± 0.23	0.557
Velocity (m/s)	Females	1.27 ± 0.10	1.283 ± 0.13	1.32 ± 0.21	0.557

Step time LT (ms)	Males	574.03 ± 33.07	621.64 ± 55.58	592.99 ± 53.03	0.002 η_p² = 0.30	(1)-(2)
Step time LT (ms)	Females	544.47 ± 18.03	575.98 ± 38.13	575.60 ± 35.02	0.002 η_p² = 0.30	(1)-(2)

Step time RT (ms)	Males	573.29 ± 41.94	624.03 ± 53.47	591.03 ± 49.69	0.012	(1)-(2)
Step time RT (ms)	Females	544.31 ± 17.86	573.87 ± 50.90	572.50 ± 37.01	0.012	(1)-(2)

Stride time (ms)	Males	1147.32 ± 73.82	1245.65 ± 106.36	1184.00 ± 100.40	0.003 η_p² = 0.29	Males: (1)-(2)
Stride time (ms)	Females	1088.78 ± 34.51	1149.85 ± 88.14	1148.10 ± 71.42	0.003 η_p² = 0.29	Males: (1)-(2)

Step frequency (step/min)	Males	105.07 ± 6.98	97.23 ± 8.09	102.16 ± 8.83	0.005 η_p² = 0.27	Males: (1)-(2)
Step frequency (step/min)	Females	110.40 ± 3.40	105.01 ± 7.93	105.03 ± 6.64	0.005 η_p² = 0.27	Males: (1)-(2)

Where: italics indicate Friedman test results; bold indicates significant differences between males and females; M: mean; SD: standard deviation; RT: right; LT: left; η_p²: partial eta squared.