Table 2.
Median and mean (SD) of daily, emotional, and physical parental burdens by parent's gender, living arrangement, child's age, and technology use.
| Daily burden | Emotional burden | Physical burden | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mdn | M (SD) | p | Mdn | M (SD) | p | Mdn | M (SD) | p | |
| Gender of the participating parent | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | =0.024 | ||||||
| Mothers | 4 | 3.48 (1.09) | 4 | 3.72 (1.10) | 2 | 2.51 (1.27) | |||
| Fathers | 3 | 3.00 (1.01) | 3 | 3.19 (1.14) | 2 | 2.25 (1.04) | |||
| Parent's living arrangement | =0.021† | =0.036† | =0.002† | ||||||
| With a spouse (n = 898) | 3 | 3.40 (1.09) | 4 | 3.60 (1.14) | 2 | 2.41 (1.21) | |||
| Mother (n = 725) | 4 | 3.45 (1.10) | 4 | 3.70 (1.11) | 2 | 2.45 (1.25) | |||
| Father (n = 173) | 3 | 2.98 (1.01) | 3 | 3.17 (1.15) | 2 | 2.24 (1.04) | |||
| Alone (n = 209) | 4 | 3.56 (1.04) | 4 | 3.79 (1.07) | 3 | 2.72 (1.32) | |||
| Mother (n = 194) | 4 | 3.58 (1.04) | 4 | 3.81 (1.07) | 3 | 2.75 (1.34) | |||
| Father (n = 15) | 3 | 3.27 (0.96) | 3 | 3.47 (1.06) | 3 | 2.33 (0.98) | |||
| Child's age group | <0.0001 | =0.095 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| <13 years (n = 488) | 4 | 3.63 (1.03) | 4 | 3.70 (1.15) | 3 | 2.73 (1.25) | |||
| ≥13 years (n = 577) | 3 | 3.21 (1.08) | 4 | 3.61 (1.08) | 2 | 2.27 (1.18) | |||
| Diabetes technology: CSII, CGM | <0.0001 | = 0.114 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| No use of CSII or CGM (n = 221) | 3 | 3.11 (1.14) | 4 | 3.54(1.20) | 2 | 2.21 (1.26) | |||
| Use of ≥ 1 technology (n = 744) | 4 | 3.53 (1.05) | 4 | 3.70 (1.08) | 2 | 2.56 (1.24) | |||
Note: the p values are based on the Mann–Whitney test. †According to the Mann–Whitney test of two living arrangement groups (living with a spouse vs. alone).