Table 2.
Studies reporting microscopical, serologic and/or molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens either in the ticks, animals, or humans in Egypt.
| Tick-borne pathogen | No. of studies carried out in |
Species molecularly confirmed by more than one study | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ticks | Animals | Humans | ||
| Babesia sp. | * [32,33,45,98] ¶ [49] |
* [29,30,[41], [42], [43], [44],46,47,[50], [51], [52], [53],31,[54], [55], [56],62,72,[33], [34], [35], [36], [37],39,40] # [38,48] ¶ [49] ⁑ [61] |
# [57,58,60] ¶ [59] |
Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis, Babesia caballi, Babesia canis vogeli, Babesia occultans |
| Hepatozoon sp. | * [62] ¶ [63,64] |
|||
| Theileria sp. | * [33,45,46,67,75] ¶ [49] |
* [36,43,[70], [71], [72], [73],[75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80],46,81,82,47,51,63,[65], [66], [67], [68]] ¶ [49,83] ⁑ [61] |
Theileria annulata, Theileria equi, Theileria lestoquardi, Theileria ovis | |
| Anaplasma sp. | * [33,46,75,89,90,95] | * [33,34,85,87,88,91,93,37,[40], [41], [42], [43],46,70,75] # [38,92] ⁑ [86] |
* [93,94] | Anaplasma centrale, Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma ovis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma platys-like |
| Bartonella sp. | * [62,98,[100], [101], [102]] # [96] |
|||
| Borrelia sp. | * [45,104] ¶ [19,107] |
* [98,103,104] # [105] ¶ [19,106] |
* [94] # [103] |
Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia theileri |
| Coxiella burnetii | * [90,108,109] | * [46,109] ⁑ [110,111,115] # [[116], [117], [118]] |
⁑ [110,115] # [116] |
Coxiella burnetii |
| Ehrlichia sp. | * [33,89,90] | * [33,75,119,120,122] # [81,105,121] |
Ehrlichia canis | |
| Francisella sp. | * [123] | * [123] | # [123] | |
| Rickettsia sp. | * [128,129,131] | # [[124], [125], [126],143] | * [130] # [127] |
Rickettsia africae |
| AHF virus | * [132,133] | AHF virus | ||
| CCHF virus | * [[138], [139], [140]] | # [[134], [135], [136], [137]] | # [135] | CCHF virus |
| LSD virus | * [141] | |||
| Quaranfil virus | # [142] | |||
The symbol * denotes molecular detection; the symbol # denotes serologic detection; the symbol ⁑denotes studies with both serologic and molecular detection; The symbol ¶ denotes using stained blood film for detection.
Abbreviations: AHF, Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever; CCHF, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever; LSD, Lumpy skin disease.