Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants overall and by dementia status
| All participants (n = 249,511) |
No dementia (n = 245,229) |
Incident dementia (n = 4,282) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at baseline | 62 ± 4 | 61.9 ± 4.1 | 64.9 ± 3.4 | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Men | 116,569 (46.7%) | 114,294 (46.6%) | 2275 (53.1%) | ||
| Women | 132,942 (53.3%) | 130,935 (53.4%) | 2007 (46.8%) | ||
| Townsend deprivation index | − 1.6 ± 2.9 | − 1.6 ± 2.9 | − 1.1 ± 3.1 | ||
| Household income | |||||
| Less than 18,000 | 58,686 (28.0%) | 57,200 (27.7%) | 1486 (45.3%) | ||
| 18,000 to 30,999 | 62,938 (30.1%) | 61,900 (30%) | 1038 (31.6%) | ||
| 31,000 to 51,999 | 49,664 (23.7%) | 49,168 (23.8%) | 496 (15.1%) | ||
| 52,000 to 100,000 | 30,647 (14.6%) | 30,432 (14.7%) | 215 (6.6%) | ||
| Greater than 100,000 | 7522 (3.6%) | 7482 (3.6%) | 40 (1.2%) | ||
| Age left education | 17.7 ± 3.2 | 17.7 ± 3.2 | 16.9 ± 3.5 | ||
| Physical activity | |||||
| Meeting guidelines | 224,292 (89.8%) | 220,609 (89.9%) | 3683 (86.0%) | ||
| Not meeting guidelines | 25,219 (10.1%) | 24,620 (10.0%) | 599 (13.9%) | ||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Yes | 21,466 (8.6%) | 21,050 (8.5%) | 416 (9.7%) | ||
| No | 228,045 (91.4%) | 224,179 (91.4%) | 3866 (90.2%) | ||
| Alcohol intake units | 12.5 ± 15 | 12.5 ± 15 | 11.6 ± 17 | ||
| Loneliness | |||||
| Yes | 40,890 (16.3%) | 40,006 (16.3%) | 884 (20.6%) | ||
| No | 208, 621 (83.6%) | 205,223 (83.6%) | 3398 (79.4%) | ||
| Depression | |||||
| Yes | 25,603 (10.2%) | 24,995 (10.1%) | 608 (14.2%) | ||
| No | 223,908 (89.7%) | 220,234 (89.8%) | 3674 (85.8%) | ||
| BMI | 27.5 ± 4.5 | 27.5 ± 4.5 | 27.7 ± 4.9 | ||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.7 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | ||
| Diabetes | |||||
| Yes | 15,623 (6.2%) | 15,006 (6.1%) | 617 (14.4%) | ||
| No | 233,888 (93.7%) | 230,223 (93.8%) | 3665 (85.5%) | ||
| Hypertension | |||||
| Systolic average reading | 141.9 ± 18.6 | 141.9 ± 18.6 | 144.7 ± 19.5 | ||
| Diastolic average reading | 82.5 ± 9.9 | 82.5 ± 9.9 | 81.7 ± 10.2 | ||
| Cardiovascular score | |||||
| 0 cardiovascular events | 230,129 (92.2%) | 226,599 (92.4%) | 3530 (82.4%) | ||
| 1 cardiovascular event | 15,447 (6.19%) | 14,898 (6.0%) | 549 (12.8%) | ||
| 2 cardiovascular events | 3608 (1.4%) | 3425 (1.4%) | 183 (4.2%) | ||
| 3 cardiovascular events | 327 (0.1%) | 307 (0.1%) | 20 (0.4%) | ||
| Major dietary changes | |||||
| No | 153,492 (61.5%) | 151,006 (61.5%) | 2486 (58%) | ||
| Yes, because of illness | 29,296 (11.7%) | 28,467 (11.6%) | 829 (19.3%) | ||
| Yes, because of other reasons | 66,723 (26.7%) | 65,756 (26.8%) | 967 (22.5%) | ||
| Processed meat | |||||
| 0 times/week | 20,883 (8.3%) | 20,475 (8.3%) | 408 (9.5%) | ||
| 0.1–0.9 times/week | 78,742 (31.5%) | 77,593 (31.6%) | 1149 (26.8%) | ||
| Once/week | 74,432 (29.8%) | 73,171 (29.8%) | 1261 (29.4%) | ||
| 2.0–4.9 times/week | 66,553 (26.6%) | 65,298 (26.6%) | 1255 (29.3%) | ||
| ≥ 5 times/week | 8901 (3.5%) | 8692 (3.5%) | 209 (4.9%) | ||
| Unprocessed red meat | |||||
| 0 times/week | 13,690 (5.4%) | 13,422 (5.4%) | 268 (6.2%) | ||
| 0.1–1 times/week | 26,656 (10.6%) | 26,085 (10.6%) | 571 (13.3%) | ||
| 1.1–1.9 times/week | 78,764 (31.5%) | 77,536 (31.6%) | 1228 (28.6%) | ||
| 2.0–2.9 times/week | 73,173 (29.3%) | 72,017 (29.3%) | 1156 (27%) | ||
| ≥ 3 times/week | 57,228 (22.9%) | 56,169 (22.9%) | 1059 (24.7%) | ||
| Unprocessed poultry | |||||
| 0 times/week | 10,450 (4.1%) | 10,257 (4.1%) | 193 (4.5%) | ||
| 0.1–0.9 times/week | 29,688 (11.9%) | 29,105 (11.8%) | 583 (13.6%) | ||
| Once/week | 97,477 (39.0%) | 95,829 (39.0%) | 1648 (38.4%) | ||
| 2.0–4.9 times/week | 107,891 (43.2%) | 106,108 (43.2%) | 1783 (41.6%) | ||
| ≥ 5 times/week | 4005 (1.6%) | 3930 (1.6%) | 75 (1.7%) | ||
| Total meat | |||||
| 0 times/week | 7733 (3.1%) | 7615 (3.1%) | 118 (2.7%) | ||
| 0.1–3.0 times/week | 40,765 (16.3%) | 40,044 (16.3%) | 721 (16.8%) | ||
| 3.1–4.9 times/week | 48,990 (19.6%) | 48,165 (19.6%) | 825 (19.2%) | ||
| 5.0–6.9 times/week | 84,076 (33.7%) | 82,709 (33.7%) | 1367 (31.9%) | ||
| ≥ 7 times/week | 67,947 (27.2%) | 66,696 (27.2%) | 1251 (29.2%) | ||
| Fish | |||||
| 0–0.9 times/week | 14,654 (5.8%) | 14,369 (5.8%) | 285 (6.6%) | ||
| Once/ week | 40,141 (16.3%) | 39,501 (16.1%) | 640 (14.9%) | ||
| 1.1–1.9 times/week | 54,277 (21.7%) | 53,465 (21.8%) | 812 (18.9%) | ||
| 2.0–3.9 times/week | 81,142 (32.5%) | 79,844 (32.5%) | 1298 (30.3%) | ||
| ≥ 4 times/week | 59,297 (23.7%) | 58,050 (23.6%) | 1247 (29.1%) | ||
| Fruit | |||||
| 0–0.9 servings/day | 17,982 (7.2%) | 17,648 (7.2%) | 334 (7.8%) | ||
| 1–1.9 servings/day | 56,625 (22.6%) | 55,751 (22.7%) | 874 (20.4%) | ||
| 2–2.9 servings/day | 62,202 (25.3%) | 62,164 (25.3%) | 1038 (24.2%) | ||
| 3–4 servings/day | 69,166 (27.7%) | 68,009 (27.7%) | 1157 (27.0%) | ||
| ≥ 4.5 servings/day | 42,536 (17.0%) | 41,657 (16.9%) | 879 (20.5%) | ||
| Vegetables | |||||
| 0–0.9 servings/day | 12,237 (4.9%) | 11,989 (4.8%) | 248 (5.7%) | ||
| 1–1.9 servings/day | 67,481 (27.0%) | 66,390 (27%) | 1091 (25.4%) | ||
| 2–2.9 servings/day | 87,965 (35,2%) | 86,513 (35.2%) | 1452 (33.9) | ||
| 3–4 servings/day | 61,146 (24.5%) | 60,083 (24.5%) | 1063 (24.8%) | ||
| ≥ 4.5 servings/day | 20,682 (8.2%) | 20,254 (8.2%) | 428 (10.0%) | ||
| Cheese | |||||
| 0 times/week | 7030 (2.8%) | 6852 (2.7%) | 178 (4.1%) | ||
| 0.1–0.9 times/week | 43,546 (17.4%) | 42,738 (17.4%) | 808 (18.8%) | ||
| Once/ week | 54,229 (21.7%) | 53,277 (21.7%) | 952 (22.2%) | ||
| 2–4 times/week | 113,035 (45.3%) | 111,151 (45.3%) | 1884 (44.0%) | ||
| 5–6 times/week | 22,925 (9.1%) | 22,591 (9.2%) | 334 (7.8%) | ||
| ≥ 7 times/week | 8746 (3.5%) | 8620 (3.5%) | 126 (2.9%) | ||
| Wholegrain score | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | ||
Continuous variables displayed as means + SDs, and categorical variables are displayed as numbers (percentages)