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. 2022 Jul 28;44(6):2863–2884. doi: 10.1007/s11357-022-00625-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Influence of EVs secreted by VSMCs on cytokine produced by T cells and monocytes. a Relative amount of IL-17A, IL-10, INFγ, TNF, IL-2, and IL-4 secreted by T cells activated in the presence of senescent cells (SIPS and RS) conditioned medium (CM). The amount of each cytokine was relativized to the amount of this cytokine produced by T cells activated in control VSMC conditioned medium. Cytokines were analyzed after 72 h of culture of T cells using Cytometric Bead Array (CBA). b The heatmap presenting relationship between the levels of cytokines secreted by T cells upon culture in VSMC medium (CM, EV-free, and EV-enriched medium form control and senescent VSMCs). CM, EVs free medium, and EVs were collected from the same number of control, SIPS, and RS VSMCs. Original data points were standardized into the z-score. c The amount of selected cytokines secreted by T cells upon different culture conditions. T cells isolated from at least 8 donors were subjected into cytokine secretion measurement. Samples were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni test. d The CD14 + + CD16-, CD14 + + CD16 + , and CD14 + CD16 + + monocyte subpopulations were isolated from the whole population of monocytes by cell sorting and cultured overnight in the presence of EVs derived from control and senescent VSMCs added to the culture medium. The amount of TNF and IL-10 was estimated after 18 h of culture in the medium. Monocytes isolated from at least 8 donors were subjected into cytokine secretion measurement. Samples were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni test, ##p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 compared to medium