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. 2022 Jun 30;44(6):2655–2670. doi: 10.1007/s11357-022-00616-1

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

The association between autonomic nervous system dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. ANS, autonomic nervous system. Aging-induced autonomic nervous system dysfunction is a possible inciting factor of inflammation. Inflammation and oxidative stress then enhance each other to induce endothelial dysfunction in the elderly. However, whether inflammation has a direct contribution to endothelial dysfunction is not established