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. 2022 Dec 20;12:21973. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26580-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Detection of dd-EVs after transplantation. (a) Analysis of the concentrations of CD9 + HLA-A3 + events before and 2–4 days after kidney transplantation revealed a significant increase after transplantation. (b) longitudinal analysis of dd-EV concentrations in KTR blood samples subdivided into either (1) the control group (representing all samples from patients whom did not experience any complications after transplantation) or (2) the biopted group (encompassing all samples from patients whom underwent a biopsy), showing that dd-EVs are detectable above baseline (before transplantation) only in patients whom did not experience complications after transplantation. (c) Representative CD9 vs HLA-A3 scatter plots of PPP samples taken 6 months after KTx from an individual in the control (left) and biopted (right) group. (d) dd-EV concentrations as detected in ‘for-cause’ biopsy samples compared to time-matched control samples.