Table 2.
Univariable and multivariable analyses to investigate relationships between fathers' characteristics and perceived stress, n = 336
| Dependent variable: 1 = Moderate/high perceived stress 0 = Low perceived stress |
Low perceived stress (n = 198) | Moderate/high perceived stress (n = 138) | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | (n) | % | (n) | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Third level education | 0.221 | |||||||
| No | 53.7 | (51) | 46.3 | (44) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 61.0 | (147) | 39.0 | (94) | 0.74 (0.46–1.20) | |||
| Relationship status | 0.082 | |||||||
| In relationship but not cohabiting/single | 40.9 | (9) | 59.1 | (13) | 1 | |||
| Married/cohabiting | 60.2 | (189) | 39.8 | (125) | 0.46 (0.19–1.10) | |||
| Employment status | 0.060 | |||||||
| Full-time employment | 61.9 | (172) | 38.1 | (106) | 1 | |||
| Self-employed | 44.4 | (16) | 55.6 | (20) | 2.03 (1.01–4.09) | |||
| Other | 45.5 | (10) | 54.5 | (12) | 1.95 (0.81–4.66) | |||
| Living in a house | 0.030 | 0.009 | ||||||
| No | 40.6 | (13) | 59.4 | (19) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 60.9 | (185) | 39.1 | (119) | 0.44 (0.21–0.92) | 0.31 (0.13–0.75) | ||
| Home owner | 0.469 | |||||||
| No | 56.3 | (67) | 43.7 | (52) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 60.4 | (131) | 39.6 | (86) | 0.85 (0.54–1.33) | |||
| Smoker | 0.076 | |||||||
| No | 61.1 | (171) | 38.9 | (109) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 48.2 | (27) | 51.8 | (29) | 1.69 (0.95–3.00) | |||
| Drinks alcohol weekly | 0.387 | |||||||
| No | 55.1 | (49) | 44.9 | (40) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 60.3 | (149) | 39.7 | (98) | 0.81 (0.49–1.31) | |||
| First-time father | 0.051 | 0.009 | ||||||
| No | 53.6 | (89) | 46.4 | (77) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 64.1 | (109) | 35.9 | (61) | 0.65 (0.42–1.00) | 0.47 (0.26–0.83) | ||
| Experience of labour and birth positive | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 28.1 | (9) | 71.9 | (23) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 62.2 | (189) | 37.8 | (115) | 0.24 (0.11–0.53) | |||
| Planned pregnancy | 0.785 | |||||||
| No | 57.4 | (35) | 42.6 | (26) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 59.3 | (163) | 40.7 | (112) | 0.92 (0.53–1.62) | |||
| Intend taking paternity leave | 0.885 | |||||||
| No | 58.0 | (29) | 42.0 | (21) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 59.1 | (169) | 40.9 | (117) | 0.96 (0.52–1.76) | |||
| Father has history of mental health problems | <0.001 | 0.008 | ||||||
| No | 64.6 | (188) | 35.4 | (103) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 22.2 | (10) | 77.8 | (35) | 6.39 (3.04–13.43) | 3.56 (1.40–9.05) | ||
| Father has history of stress | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 61.8 | (194) | 38.2 | (120) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 18.2 | (4) | 81.8 | (18) | 7.28 (2.40–22.01) | |||
| Father has history of anxiety | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 62.6 | (191) | 37.4 | (114) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 22.6 | (7) | 77.4 | (24) | 5.74 (2.40–13.76) | |||
| Father has history of depression | 0.001 | |||||||
| No | 61.5 | (193) | 38.5 | (121) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 22.7 | (5) | 77.3 | (17) | 5.42 (1.95–15.08) | |||
| Partner has history of mental health problems | 0.157 | |||||||
| No | 60.6 | (172) | 39.4 | (112) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 50.0 | (26) | 50.0 | (26) | 1.54 (0.85–2.78) | |||
| Partner has history of stress | 0.082 | |||||||
| No | 59.9 | (193) | 40.1 | (129) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 35.7 | (5) | 64.3 | (9) | 2.69 (0.88–8.22) | |||
| Partner has history of anxiety | 0.584 | |||||||
| No | 59.4 | (184) | 40.6 | (126) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 53.8 | (14) | 46.2 | (12) | 1.25 (0.56–2.80) | |||
| Partner has history of depression | 0.068 | |||||||
| No | 60.6 | (183) | 39.4 | (119) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 44.1 | (15) | 55.9 | (19) | 1.95 (0.95–3.98) | |||
| High anxiety-state | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 69.9 | (186) | 30.1 | (80) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 17.1 | (12) | 82.9 | (58) | 11.24 (5.72–22.06) | |||
| High anxiety-trait | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 74.7 | (186) | 25.3 | (63) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 13.8 | (12) | 86.2 | (75) | 18.45 (9.41–36.17) | 8.71 (3.88–19.55) | ||
| Depressive symptoms | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 73.0 | (187) | 27.0 | (69) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes – minor depressive symptoms | 25.7 | (9) | 74.3 | (26) | 7.83 (3.49–17.54) | 2.84 (1.08–7.50) | ||
| Yes – major depressive symptoms | 4.4 | (2) | 95.6 | (43) | 58.27 (13.74–247.02) | 14.79 (3.10–70.64) | ||
| Age | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.728 | ||||||