Table 5.
Univariable and multivariable analyses to investigate relationships between fathers' characteristics and major depressive symptoms, n = 336
| Major depressive symptoms | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: 1 = Major depressive symptoms (score ⩾ 12) 0 = Major depressive symptoms (score < 12) |
No (n = 291) | Yes (n = 45) | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||
| % | (n) | % | (n) | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Third level education | 0.246 | |||||||
| No | 83.2 | (79) | 16.8 | (16) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 88.0 | (212) | 12.0 | (29) | 0.68 (0.35–1.31) | |||
| Relationship status | 0.056 | |||||||
| In relationship but not cohabiting/single | 72.7 | (16) | 27.3 | (6) | 1 | |||
| Married/cohabiting | 87.6 | (275) | 12.4 | (39) | 0.38 (0.14–1.02) | |||
| Employment status | 0.197 | |||||||
| Full-time employment | 88.1 | (245) | 11.9 | (33) | 1 | |||
| Self-employed | 80.6 | (29) | 19.4 | (7) | 1.79 (0.73–4.42) | |||
| Other | 77.3 | (17) | 22.7 | (5) | 2.18 (0.76–6.31) | |||
| Living in a house | 0.697 | |||||||
| No | 84.4 | (27) | 15.6 | (5) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 86.8 | (264) | 13.2 | (40) | 0.82 (0.30–2.25) | |||
| Home owner | 0.490 | |||||||
| No | 84.9 | (101) | 15.1 | (18) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 87.6 | (190) | 12.4 | (27) | 0.80 (0.42–1.52) | |||
| Smoker | 0.520 | |||||||
| No | 87.1 | (244) | 12.9 | (36) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 83.9 | (47) | 16.1 | (9) | 1.30 (0.59–2.87) | |||
| Drinks alcohol weekly | 0.266 | |||||||
| No | 83.1 | (74) | 16.9 | (15) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 87.9 | (217) | 12.1 | (30) | 0.68 (0.35–1.34) | |||
| First-time father | 0.571 | |||||||
| No | 85.5 | (142) | 14.5 | (24) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 87.6 | (149) | 12.4 | (21) | 0.83 (0.44–1.56) | |||
| Experience of labour and birth positive | 0.001 | |||||||
| No | 65.6 | (21) | 34.4 | (11) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 88.8 | (270) | 11.2 | (34) | 0.24 (0.11–0.54) | |||
| Planned pregnancy | 0.448 | |||||||
| No | 83.6 | (51) | 16.4 | (10) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 87.3 | (240) | 12.7 | (35) | 0.74 (0.35–1.60) | |||
| Intend taking paternity leave | 0.754 | |||||||
| No | 88.0 | (44) | 12.0 | (6) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 86.4 | (247) | 13.6 | (39) | 1.16 (0.46–2.90) | |||
| Father has history of adverse mental health outcomes | <0.001 | 0.025 | ||||||
| No | 91.1 | (265) | 8.9 | (26) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 57.8 | (26) | 42.2 | (19) | 7.45 (3.64–15.24) | 2.81 (1.14–6.92) | ||
| Father has history of stress | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 89.2 | (280) | 10.8 | (34) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 50.0 | (11) | 50.0 | (11) | 8.24 (3.32–20.43) | |||
| Father has history of anxiety | 0.002 | |||||||
| No | 88.5 | (270) | 11.5 | (35) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 67.7 | (21) | 32.3 | (10) | 3.67 (1.60–8.44) | |||
| Father has history of depression | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 88.9 | (279) | 11.1 | (35) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 54.5 | (12) | 45.5 | (10) | 6.64 (2.67–16.50) | |||
| Partner has history of adverse mental health outcomes | 0.078 | |||||||
| No | 88.0 | (250) | 12.0 | (34) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 78.8 | (41) | 21.2 | (11) | 1.97 (0.93–4.20) | |||
| Partner has history of stress | 0.019 | |||||||
| No | 87.6 | (282) | 12.4 | (40) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 64.3 | (9) | 35.7 | (5) | 3.92 (1.25–12.27) | |||
| Partner has history of anxiety | 0.041 | 0.040 | ||||||
| No | 87.7 | (272) | 12.3 | (38) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 73.1 | (19) | 26.9 | (7) | 2.64 (1.04–6.69) | 4.18 (1.07–16.39) | ||
| Partner has history of depression | 0.199 | |||||||
| No | 87.4 | (264) | 12.6 | (38) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 79.4 | (27) | 20.6 | (7) | 1.80 (0.73–4.42) | |||
| High anxiety-state | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 94.0 | (250) | 6.0 | (16) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 58.6 | (41) | 41.4 | (29) | 11.05 (5.52–22.12) | |||
| High anxiety-trait | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 97.6 | (243) | 2.4 | (6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 55.2 | (48) | 44.8 | (39) | 32.91 (13.20–82.04) | 12.90 (4.65–35.76) | ||
| Moderate/high perceived stress | <0.001 | 0.002 | ||||||
| No | 99.0 | (196) | 1.0 | (2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 68.8 | (95) | 31.2 | (43) | 44.36 (10.52–186.99) | 11.96 (2.51–57.06) | ||
| Age | 0.95 (0.89–1.00) | 0.061 | ||||||