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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am Psychol. 2022 May 9;77(5):660–677. doi: 10.1037/amp0001005

Table 2.

Outcomes of the Sensitivity Analyses

Selection criterion for inclusion in sensitivity analysis Number of effect sizes k SMD 95 % CI Z p I2
No ‘serious’ or ‘critical’ risk of overall bias 5 0.41 [0.11, 0.71] 2.66 < 0.001 99%
Including pseudo-longitudinal study designs 25 0.30 [0.17, 0.42] 4.71 < 0.001 99%
Including studies whose pre-pandemic assessment overlapped with the cut-offs 21 0.27 [0.14, 0.39] 4.04 < 0.001 98%
No clinical populations 17 0.26 [0.12, 0.40] 3.61 < 0.001 98%

Note. The Table displays the number of effect sizes included in the analyses, homogeneity (I2), SMDs, their confidence intervals and corresponding Z- and p-values. CI: Confidence interval. SMD: standardized mean difference.