Table 3.
Associations between PPI exposure at different timepoints during pregnancy and maternal and neonatal health outcomes expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) obtained by multiple logistic regression including all live births
| PPI use | Pre-eclampsia | GDM | Preterm | AS5min < 7 | SGA | LGA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) | 1.29 (1.16–1.43) | 1.23 (1.14–1.32) | 1.07 (0.93–1.22) | 1.27 (1.16–1.40) | 0.84 (0.77–0.91) |
| Before pregnancy (3 months) | 0.92 (0.79–1.06) | 1.07 (0.88–1.30) | 1.26 (1.12–1.42) | 1.13 (0.89–1.44) | 1.42 (1.11–1.82) | 0.89 (0.71–1.12) |
| First trimester | 0.91 (0.78–1.05) | 1.20 (0.99–1.46) | 1.16 (1.02–1.30) | 1.06 (0.85–1.34) | 1.25 (1.00–1.57) | 0.81 (0.66–1.00) |
| Second trimester | 1.38 (1.16–1.65) | 0.97 (0.80–1.18) | 1.58 (1.40–1.78) | 1.15 (0.93–1.43) | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) |
| Third trimester | 1.45 (1.20–1.76) | 1.20 (1.00–1.45) | 0.54 (0.47–0.61) | 0.84 (0.66–1.06) | 0.85 (0.63–1.13) | 0.79 (0.62–1.01) |
| Before/first trimester* | 0.62 (0.42–0.90) | 1.28 (0.90–1.80) | ||||
| Second/third trimester** | 0.64 (0.49–0.85) | 1.46 (0.98–2.16) | 1.41 (1.00–2.00) |
*Interaction term for PPI use 3 months before pregnancy and during the first trimester
**Interaction term for PPI use in second and third trimesters of pregnancy
Abbreviations: AS5min, Apgar score 5 min after birth; GDM, gestational diabetes; LGA, large for gestational age; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; SGA, small for gestational age