Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and risk factors in patients with COPD.
| N | COPD | OR (95% CI) | P-values | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted P values | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | ||||||
| Gender | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Male | 638 | 243 | 38.1% | 9.71 (6.98–13.50) | 3.47 (2.10–5.74) | ||
| Female | 822 | 49 | 6.0% | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Age, yrs | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 40–49 | 72 | 1 | 1.4% | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 40–59 | 396 | 28 | 7.1% | 5.40 (0.72–40.35) | 0.100 | 2.83 (0.35–22.85) | 0.329 |
| 60–69 | 577 | 125 | 21.7% | 19.64 (2.70–142.73) | 0.003 | 8.60 (1.11–66.69) | 0.039 |
| ≥70 | 415 | 138 | 33.3% | 35.37 (4.86–257.28) | < 0.001 | 20.14 (2.59–156.85) | 0.004 |
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | 0.002 | |||||
| Never smokers | 955 | 73 | 7.6% | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Former smokers | 441 | 196 | 44.4% | 9.67 (7.13-13.10) | < 0.001 | 2.84 (1.55-5.21) | 0.001 |
| current smokers | 39 | 11 | 28.2% | 4.75 (2.27-9.92) | < 0.001 | 1.54 (0.58-4.08) | 0.388 |
| Smoking index, pack-years | < 0.001 | 0.015 | |||||
| < 15 | 1,070 | 110 | 10.3% | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 15–29.9 | 117 | 46 | 39.3% | 5.65 (3.72–8.61) | < 0.001 | 1.36 (0.72–2.57) | 0.336 |
| 30–44.9 | 112 | 56 | 50.0% | 8.73 (5.74–13.28) | < 0.001 | 2.34 (1.24–4.42) | 0.009 |
| ≥45 | 100 | 58 | 58.0% | 12.05 (7.74–18.78) | < 0.001 | 2.42 (1.27–4.63) | 0.007 |
| BMI, kg/m 2 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |||||
| < 18.5 | 64 | 18 | 28.1% | 2.76 (1.35–5.66) | 0.006 | 2.73 (1.08–6.93) | 0.034 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 752 | 171 | 22.7% | 2.08 (1.26–3.42) | 0.004 | 2.69 (1.46–4.97) | 0.002 |
| 25–30 | 479 | 81 | 16.9% | 1.44 (0.85–2.43) | 0.178 | 1.52 (0.80–2.92) | 0.203 |
| ≥30 | 161 | 20 | 12.4% | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Whether the family has respiratory diseases | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 1,045 | 179 | 17.1% | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 406 | 112 | 27.6% | 1.84 (1.41–2.42) | 2.93 (2.03–4.23) | ||
| Distance from living place to closest busy roads | 0.016 | 0.367 | |||||
| < 50 m | 383 | 79 | 20.6% | 1.49 (1.07–2.09) | 0.020 | 1.06 (0.70–1.61) | 0.787 |
| 50–199 m | 425 | 90 | 21.2% | 1.54 (1.11–2.14) | 0.009 | 1.33 (0.88–1.99) | 0.175 |
| ≥200 m | 580 | 86 | 14.8% | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Outdoor activities away from the busy roads | < 0.001 | 0.008 | |||||
| < 50 m | 282 | 67 | 23.8% | 1.96 (1.39–2.77) | < 0.001 | 1.54 (1.01–2.36) | 0.047 |
| 50–199 m | 355 | 87 | 24.5% | 2.04 (1.48–2.82) | < 0.001 | 1.84 (1.23–2.76) | 0.003 |
| ≥200 m | 737 | 101 | 13.7% | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
ORs were adjusted by confounding factors including age, sex, BMI, smoking status, family history of respiratory disease and community district. BMI, body mass index; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.