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Gut microbiome dysbiosis increased the level of circulating TNF-α in a mouse model without M. tuberculosis infection. (A) Stack diagram of relative abundances of gut microbiota genera in mouse stools after 2 weeks of PBS or CEC administered by gavage. (B) TNF-α levels in serum from C57BL/6 mice administered PBS or CEC by gavage. Each result is shown as the mean ± SEM as determined based on analysis conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis test (**, P < 0.01). CEC, clinical E. coli isolate.
