Table 3.

Changes in Social Technology Behaviors and Wellbeing Between Time 1 and Time 2

Predictors	Loneliness			Coping while stress			Depression			Social anxiety
	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	0.94	[0.50 to 1.37]	<.001	2.33	[1.77 to 2.90]	<.001	0.29	[−0.13 to 0.71]	.175	1.95	[1.25 to 2.65]	<.001
Time	−0.06	[−0.28 to 0.16]	.607	0.23	[−0.06 to 0.52]	.124	−0.22	[−0.43 to −0.01]	.036	0.07	[−0.28 to 0.42]	.686
Problematic internet	0.25	[0.13 to 0.37]	<.001	0.21	[0.05 to 0.37]	.009	0.16	[0.04 to 0.27]	.007	0.26	[0.06 to 0.45]	.009
Online support	0.09	[−0.02 to 0.20]	.093	−0.13	[−0.28 to 0.01]	.061	0.05	[−0.05 to 0.15]	.368	0.15	[−0.02 to 0.32]	.085
Positive media	−0.06	[−0.17 to 0.06]	.311	0.31	[0.16 to 0.46]	<.001	−0.11	[−0.22 to 0.00]	.053	−0.06	[−0.24 to 0.12]	.512
Check social media	−0.01	[−0.06 to 0.05]	.827	−0.03	[−0.10 to 0.04]	.386	−0.01	[−0.05 to 0.04]	.811	−0.03	[−0.11 to 0.06]	.537
Sleep behaviors	0.00	[−0.10 to 0.10]	.961	−0.08	[−0.22 to 0.05]	.207	0.11	[0.01 to 0.20]	.024	−0.08	[−0.24 to 0.08]	.344
Time × Prob	0.02	[−0.06 to 0.09]	.661	−0.14	[−0.24 to −0.05]	.003	0.10	[0.03 to 0.17]	.004	0.02	[−0.10 to 0.13]	.787
Time × Online	−0.02	[−0.09 to 0.04]	.498	0.15	[0.06 to 0.24]	.001	0.00	[−0.06 to 0.06]	.975	−0.04	[−0.15 to 0.07]	.480
Time × Positive	0.07	[−0.01 to 0.14]	.084	−0.13	[−0.23 to −0.03]	.012	0.11	[0.04 to 0.18]	.002	0.04	[−0.07 to 0.16]	.463
Time × Check	−0.01	[−0.04 to 0.02]	.559	0.01	[−0.03 to 0.06]	.606	−0.01	[−0.04 to 0.03]	.744	−0.01	[−0.07 to 0.04]	.615
Time × Sleep	0.01	[−0.05 to 0.08]	.678	0.04	[−0.04 to 0.13]	.286	−0.04	[−0.10 to 0.02]	.202	0.04	[−0.06 to 0.14]	.410
Age	0.00	[−0.02 to 0.02]	.799	−0.03	[−0.05 to 0.00]	.054	0.00	[−0.02 to 0.02]	.898	0.00	[−0.03 to 0.04]	.824
Gender	0.09	[0.03 to 0.16]	.002	−0.04	[−0.12 to 0.03]	.266	0.13	[0.08 to 0.19]	<.001	0.25	[0.15 to 0.35]	<.001
Mother’s education	−0.04	[−0.06 to −0.01]	.006	0.06	[0.02 to 0.09]	.001	−0.04	[−0.06 to −0.01]	.004	−0.07	[−0.11 to −0.03]	.001
Two parent household	−0.01	[−0.08 to 0.06]	.805	0.09	[0.00 to 0.18]	.046	−0.05	[−0.12 to 0.01]	.104	0.00	[−0.11 to 0.11]	.986
Black	0.21	[0.10 to 0.33]	<.001	−0.10	[−0.25 to 0.05]	.176	0.15	[0.04 to 0.26]	.009	0.11	[−0.08 to 0.30]	.254
Asian	0.13	[0.01 to 0.25]	.035	−0.08	[−0.24 to 0.07]	.283	0.09	[−0.03 to 0.21]	.126	−0.01	[−0.20 to 0.19]	.956
Latinx	0.06	[−0.02 to 0.15]	.158	−0.05	[−0.16 to 0.06]	.398	0.06	[−0.02 to 0.15]	.138	0.03	[−0.12 to 0.17]	.713
Other race	0.02	[−0.06 to 0.09]	.637	−0.06	[−0.15 to 0.04]	.255	0.09	[0.01 to 0.16]	.019	−0.03	[−0.15 to 0.09]	.603
Random effects
σ2	0.14			0.26		0.12				0.34
τ00	0.10trackid			0.10trackid		0.09trackid				0.28trackid
ICC	0.41			0.28		0.43				0.45
N	986trackid			958trackid		981trackid				987trackid
Observations	1353.00			1307.00		1347.00				1355.00
Marginal R2/conditional R2	0.250/0.560			0.094/0.350		0.351/0.631				0.148/0.529