Table 3.
The difference of signal strength in the top six most frequently reported gastrointestinal adverse events among different GLP-1 RAs.
| Preferred term (PT) | Drug | The report number | ROR | PRR | IC | EBGM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (95% CI) | (χ2) | (IC025) | (EBGM05) | |||
| Nausea | ||||||
| Semaglutide | 2,568 | 7.41 (7.10–7.74) | 6.09 (11,184.65) | 0.68 (0.57) | 6.03 (5.78) | |
| Liraglutide | 990 | 4.53 (4.24–4.85) | 4.04 (2,339.60) | 2.01 (1.90) | 4.03 (3.77) | |
| Dulaglutide | 4,566 | 3.75 (3.64–3.87) | 3.43 (7,989.31) | 1.76 (1.71) | 3.38 (3.28) | |
| Exenatide | 803 | 1.64 (1.52–1.76) | 1.60 (187.63) | 0.25 (-0.14) | 1.60 (1.49) | |
| Lixisenatide | 61 | 1.20 (0.93–1.55) | 1.19 (1.92) | 2.59 (2.52) | 1.19 (0.92) | |
| Vomiting | ||||||
| Semaglutide | 1,462 | 6.67 (6.32–7.05) | 6.01 (6,154.33) | 0.45 (0.31) | 5.95 (5.63) | |
| Liraglutide | 576 | 4.35 (3.99–4.73) | 4.08 (1,359.07) | 2.02 (1.89) | 4.06 (3.73) | |
| Dulaglutide | 2,198 | 2.96 (2.84–3.09) | 2.85 (2,654.91) | 1.50 (1.43) | 2.82 (2.70) | |
| Exenatide | 397 | 1.38 (1.25–1.53) | 1.37 (40.71) | −0.13 (−0.68) | 1.37 (1.24) | |
| Lixisenatide | 27 | 0.91 (0.62–1.33) | 0.91 (0.23) | 2.57 (2.48) | 0.91 (0.62) | |
| Diarrhoea | ||||||
| Semaglutide | 1,266 | 3.55 (3.35–3.77) | 3.29 (2,074.40) | −0.35 (−0.51) | 3.28 (3.09) | |
| Liraglutide | 472 | 2.20 (2.01–2.42) | 2.12 (288.50) | 1.08 (0.94) | 2.12 (1.93) | |
| Dulaglutide | 2,538 | 2.16 (2.08–2.25) | 2.09 (1,466.71) | 1.05 (0.99) | 2.07 (1.99) | |
| Exenatide | 357 | 0.78 (0.70–0.87) | 0.78 (21.83) | −0.49 (−0.99) | 0.78 (0.71) | |
| Lixisenatide | 33 | 0.70 (0.50–0.99) | 0.71 (4.03) | 1.71 (1.62) | 0.71 (0.50) | |
| Abdominal pain upper | ||||||
| Liraglutide | 291 | 4.63 (4.12–5.21) | 4.49 (791.96) | 0.23 (−0.00) | 4.47 (3.97) | |
| Semaglutide | 519 | 4.79 (4.38–5.23) | 4.63 (1,477.81) | 2.16 (1.97) | 4.60 (4.21) | |
| Dulaglutide | 1,097 | 3.16 (2.98–3.36) | 3.10 (1,551.36) | 1.62 (1.52) | 3.07 (2.89) | |
| Lixisenatide | 19 | 1.40 (0.89–2.21) | 1.40 (2.18) | 0.48 (−0.20) | 1.40 (0.89) | |
| Exenatide | 156 | 1.17 (1.00–1.38) | 1.17 (4.01) | 2.20 (2.06) | 1.17 (1.00) | |
| Constipation | ||||||
| Semaglutide | 721 | 6.17 (5.72–6.66) | 5.87 (2,913.63) | 0.06 (−0.18) | 5.82 (5.40) | |
| Liraglutide | 247 | 3.55 (3.13–4.04) | 3.47 (436.24) | 1.79 (1.59) | 3.46 (3.04) | |
| Dulaglutide | 664 | 1.71 (1.58–1.85) | 1.70 (190.80) | 0.76 (0.64) | 1.69 (1.57) | |
| Exenatide | 152 | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 1.04 (0.25) | −1.31 (−2.28) | 1.04 (0.89) | |
| Lixisenatide | 6 | 0.40 (0.18–0.89) | 0.40 (5.38) | 2.54 (2.42) | 0.40 (0.18) | |
| Pancreatitis | ||||||
| Liraglutide | 386 | 32.67 (29.44–36.25) | 30.96 (10,857.56) | 2.27 (1.97) | 30.02 (27.05) | |
| Semaglutide | 400 | 19.10 (17.26–21.13) | 18.52 (6,422.22) | 4.91 (4.65) | 17.94 (16.21) | |
| Dulaglutide | 821 | 12.63 (11.76–13.56) | 12.39 (8,029.15) | 3.54 (3.42) | 11.62 (10.82) | |
| Lixisenatide | 18 | 6.78 (4.26–10.80) | 6.71 (87.57) | 2.75 (1.70) | 6.71 (4.21) | |
| Exenatide | 127 | 4.91 (4.12-5.85) | 4.87 (387.52) | 4.17 (3.96) | 4.83 (4.05) | |
PRR, the proportional reporting ratio; ROR, the reporting odds ratio; IC, the information component; EBGM, the empirical Bayes geometric mean; CI, confidence interval; 95% CI, two‐sided for ROR, χ2, chi-squared; IC025 and EBGM05 lower one‐sided for IC and EBGM.