Table 2.

Rates of death and diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in base cohort

	Death with underlying cause of COPD	New diagnosis of COPD
Group with history of illicit opioid use
No of participants at baseline	106 789	104 358*
Median (IQR) follow-up per participant (years)	8.7 (4.3-13.5)	3.3 (1.3-7.2)
No of events (ie, death or COPD diagnosis)	680	4016
Rate (95% CI) of events per 100 000 person years	71 (66 to 76)	799 (774 to 824)
Comparison group (matched by age, sex, and general practice)
No of participants at baseline	320 367	318,999*
Median (IQR) years of follow-up per participant (years)	9.5 (5.0-14.4)	5.6 (2.5-10.4)
No of events	160	3051
Rate (95% CI) of events per 100 000 person years	5.6 (4.8 to 6.5)	153 (147 to 158)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Adjusted for age and sex only	14.59 (12.28 to 17.33)	5.89 (5.62 to 6.18)
Additionally adjusted for smoking status at cohort entry	8.81 (7.36 to 10.54)	3.29 (3.13 to 3.46)

IQR=interquartile range; CI=confidence interval.

*Excluding participants with a diagnosis of COPD before cohort entry (ie, excluding participants with prevalent COPD).