Fig 1. Study design schematic.

A) 1-h immersion. B) 5-h & 19-h immersion. Dotted bar indicates length of time animals were immersed in solution. Heart rate assessment was performed via doppler ultrasound flow with the probe placed over the heart. Reflex assessment included withdrawal reflex of the right hindlimb and righting reflex. For A) a celiotomy was performed for all animals at the end of the experimental treatment. For B) a celiotomy was performed for frogs without audible heart beats using doppler ultrasound flow at 5-h of immersion & the remaining animals at 19-h of immersion.