Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the included patients.
| PPI ever user (N = 39, 28.5%) | PPI never user (N = 98, 71.5%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), year | 65.6 ± 6.1 | 67.1 ± 9.1 | 0.002 |
| Male, n (%) | 12 (30.8) | 42 (42.9) | 0.246 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 24 (61.5) | 45 (45.9) | 0.130 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 3 (7.7) | 20 (20.4) | 0.081 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 15 (38.5) | 33 (33.7) | 0.692 |
| Previous stroke/TIA, n (%) | 6 (15.3) | 26 (26.5) | 0.164 |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 7 (17.9) | 10 (10.2) | 0.253 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| Creatinine, mean (SD), mg/dL | 0.99 ± 0.67 | 1.08 ± 1.11 | 0.485 |
| Co-prescription (except antacid) | |||
| Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 15 (38.5) | 23 (23.5) | 0.092 |
| ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 7 (17.9) | 15 (15.3) | 0.797 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 3 (7.7) | 9 (9.2) | 1.000 |
| NSAID, n (%) | 12 (30.8) | 20 (20.4) | 0.263 |
| Any antiplatelet, n (%) | 19 (48.7) | 29 (29.6) | 0.034 |
| Anticoagulant, n (%) | 3 (7.7) | 2 (2.0) | 0.139 |
| Co-prescription (antacid) | |||
| H2-receptor blocker, n (%) | 8 (20.5) | 16 (16.3) | 0.620 |
| Others*, n (%) | 7 (17.9) | 3 (3.1) | 0.002 |
Abbreviation: PPI, proton pump inhibitor; SD, standard deviation; TIA, transient ischemic attack; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; Others* include sucralfate, magnesium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide, polaprezinc, and revaprazan.