Table 2.

Variables included in the study.

Metodology								Main Bacteria Identified		Treatment
Autor	Study type	Objective	Patients number study	Main age patients’ study (years)	Diagnosis	Zone of infection	Identify microorganism	Aerobe	Anaerobe	Type drug	Adyuvant treatment	Type antibiotic resistance	Conclusion
Aneesh (2019)	In vitro	Identify the causative aerobic and anaerobic micro- organisms responsible for head and neck facial space infections and to evaluate the resistance against empirical antibiotics used in the treatment of space infections.	142		Odontogenic infections	Vestibular space	Yes	Streptococcus Viridans	Peptostreptococcus	NS	NS	Amoxicillin	There should be substitution of miscellaneous group of antibiotics such as linezolid, clindamycin, third generation cephalosporins such as cefixime, cefotaxime, and fluroqunolones such as ofloxacin and levofloxacin for amoxicillin in the empirical management of odontogenic space infections
Farmahan S (2014)	Retrospective study	Investigate whether the microbiological picture and antibiotic sensitivity of space infections in the head and neck have changed over the last 30–40 years.	150	39	Odontogenic infections	Periapical	Yes	Streptoccossus viridans	Prevotella	Co-amoxiclav	Tooth extraction	Penicillin	Penicillin (amoxicillin) still remains the drug of choice for odontogenic space infections in the head and neck because it is effective and has minimal side effects
Nils Heim (2020)	Retrospective study	Precisely categorize the identified microbial flora and the susceptibility to antibiotics	206	50.6	Odontogenic infections	Peri-mandibular/buccal	Yes	Streptococcus	Prevotella	NS	NS	Cephadroxil and clindamycin	Streptococcus species were the most frequently identified bacteria in our study presenting antibiotic resistance in more than 50%.
Inderdeep Singh Walia (2014)	Descriptive study	Assess the anatomical spaces and causative microorganisms responsible for deep fascial space head and neck infections, to evaluate the resistance of antibiotics used in treatment of these infection	42	38	Odontogenic infections	Sub-mandibular	Yes	Klebsiella	Staph aureus	NS	NS	Penicillin and erythromycin	The key issue here, which needs to be remembered, is that antibiotics alone cannot resolve odontogenic infection satisfactorily
López - González E (2019)	Descriptive study	Evaluate the susceptibility to diferent groups of antibiotics of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms isolated from purulent exudates of hospitalized patients with severe odontogenic infections	14	37.5	Odontogenic infections	Submaxillary	Yes	Streptococcus	Clostridium	Clindamycin/ ceftriaxone	Exodontia/ Surgical drainage	Ceftriaxone	The causal microorganisms of odontogenic infections show high resistance to standard antibiotic therapy regimes and cause serious health problems
Mamta Singh (2014)	Descriptive study	Emphasize the detection of pathogenic microorganisms by microbiological examination and culture of specimens representative of the infection, importance of early and correct diagnosis of infections, prompt treatment and supportive care	30	32.4	Odontogenic infections	Mandibular tooth	Yes	Alpha hemolityc streptococci	Peptostreptococcus	NS	NS	Erythromycin	Importance of thorough drainage of the infected site cannot be overlooked and this should be supported by proper antibiotic therapy based on culture and sensitivity reports.
Narita M (2016)	Descriptive study	Investigate the effectiveness of commonly use antimicrobial agents in the treatment of orofacial odontogenic infections	10		Odontogenic infections	Periodontal lesions	Yes	NS	NE	NS	NS	Amoxicilin	Amoxicilin, Cefmetazole and clindamycin are still likely to be effective in the treatment of periapical periodontitis. However these microbial agents, and amozicilin in particular, carry the considerable risk of clinical treatment failure dua to increase in the nubres of resistante strains
Heim N. (2017)	Retrospective study	Evaluate whether susceptibility and resistances of bacteria to antibiotics have an influence on how patients have to be treated (inpatient or outpatient management) or not.	107	48.3	Odontogenic infections	NS	Yes	Staphylococcus/ S. viridans group	Prevotella	Ampicillin/ sulbactam	Surgical incision and drainage	Clindamycin	Penicillin continues to be a highly effective antibiotic against viridans Streptococci, group C Streptococci and Prevotella, whereas clindamycin could not be shown to be effective as an empirical drug of choice for a large number of odontogenic infections.
Adamson OO (2019)	Retrospective study	Isolate organisms involved in odontogenic infections and compare the sensitivity of the organisms to Ceftriax- one and Amoxicillin-Clavulanate.	55	39	Odontogenic infections	Dentoalveolar	Yes	Staphylococcus aureus	Klebsiella pneumoniae	NS	NS	Amoxicillin/ clavulanate	Organisms involved in severe odontogenic infections are more resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate than to ceftriaxone according to our foundings. Thus, ceftriaxone should be considered as an empirical antibiotic for severe odontogenic infections.
Plum A. (2018)	Retrospective study	Characterize the current microbial ora and associated antibiotic resistances observed in Upstate New York.	131	35.1	Odontogenic infections	NS	Yes	Staphylococcus	Streptococcus/ prevotella	NS	Surgical incision and drainage	Clindamycin and erythromycin	The most common antibiotics to which resistance was observed were clindamycin and erythromycin, which should be considered when choosing initial antibiotic therapy, especially in adult patients
Sánchez R (2011)	Retrospective study	A retrospective analysis of the odontogenic infections treated in La Paz University Hospital (Madrid, Spain) during the years 2007 and 2008	151	49.3	Odontogenic infections	NS	Yes	Streptococcus viridians	Prevotella	Clindamycin/ Gentamycin	Drainage or extraction	Erythromycin/ Clarithromycin	the use of antibiotics in head and neck infections requires updated protocols based on the existing scienti c evidence relating to pathogen pro le and resistances
Rasteniene r. (2015)	Retrospective study	Analyze treatment modalities and results in patients with severe odontogenic maxillofacial infections during a 10-y period.	1077	37	Odontogenic infections	Sub-mandibular	Yes	Streptococcus haemolyticus	Gamma-hemolytic Streptococcus	Gentamicin or metronidazole	NS	Metronidazole.	The sensitivity of a microorganism to penicillin remains high, therefore, penicillin can be the drug of first choice for treatment of odontogenic maxillofacial infections
Kityamuwesi R. (2015)	Descriptive study	Determine the microbiology of pyogenic odonto- genic infection and perform antibiotic susceptibility tests in patients attending Mulago Hospital, Uganda	136	29.5	Odontogenic infections	Mandibular	Yes	Viridans Streptococci	Anaerobic bacilli	NS	NS	Cotrimoxazole/ ampicilli	Dental caries was the most common predisposing factor for pyogenic odontogenic infection, which requires community oral health education. Overall, there was high bacterial resistance to tetracycline, penicillin G, ceftazidime, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole, suggesting the need for susceptibility tests of isolates and rational use of antibiotic in the management of these infections.

NS = Not specified.