Table 1.

Characteristics of included participants.

Characteristics	n	Diabetes		No diabetes		χ2/t	P
		n	%	n	%
Age (yr)
45–60	3518	584	16.60	2934	83.40	43.79	<.01*
>60	6220	1381	22.20	4839	77.80
Gender
Male	4546	880	19.36	3666	80.64	3.57	.06
Female	5192	1085	20.90	4107	79.10
Residence
City	1755	457	26.04	1298	73.96	45.66	<.01*
Rural	7983	1508	18.89	6475	81.11
Marital status
Married	8336	1672	20.06	6664	79.94	0.53	.47
Never married or divorced	1402	293	20.90	1109	79.10
Education
No formal education	769	149	19.38	620	80.62	0.52	.77
Primary education	1354	280	20.68	1074	79.32
Secondary education and above	7615	1536	20.17	6079	79.83
Physical activity
<30 min	5960	1251	20.99	4709	79.01
30 min–2 h	1564	325	20.78	1238	79.16	12.55	.002*
>2 h	2214	388	17.52	1826	82.48
Smoking
No smoking	5725	1168	20.40	4557	79.60
Ever smoking	1344	300	22.32	1044	77.68	8.03	.018*
Current smoking	2669	497	18.62	2172	81.38
Drinking
No drinking	6408	1378	21.50	5030	78.50	20.45	<.01*
Drinking	3330	587	17.63	2743	82.37
BMI (mean ± SD)	9530	1901	24.99 ± 3.94	7629	23.53 ± 3.61	15.48	<.01*

BMI = body mass index, SD = standard deviation.

^*P<0.05.