Table 3.
Association of Intellectual disability with craniofacial anomalies (comparison group: comparison cohort).
| Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | Adjusteda PR (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All ID | Mild/moderate ID | Severe ID | All ID | Mild/moderate ID | Severe ID | |
| Craniofacial anomalies | 5.64 (4.76, 6.69) | 5.47 (4.53, 6.61) | 11.31 (7.01, 18.24) | 5.27 (4.44, 6.25) | 5.13 (4.24, 6.19) | 10.62 (6.59, 17.12) |
| Non-syndromic | 1.50 (0.97,2.31) | 1.72 (1.11, 2.65) | — | 1.41 (0.92, 2.19) | 1.62 (1.05, 2.51) | — |
| Syndromic | 12.24 (10.28, 14.57) | 11.72 (9.61, 14.30) | 32.72 (20.42, 52.43) | 11.22 (9.40, 13.40) | 10.78 (8.82, 13.17) | 30.69 (19.17, 49.14) |
| Contributing diagnosis | ||||||
| Orofacial clefts | 5.18 (4.20, 6.39) | 5.10 (4.06, 6.43) | 10.09 (5.58, 18.24) | 4.79 (3.88, 5.92) | 4.73 (3.76, 5.96) | 9.47 (5.24, 17.11) |
| Non-syndromic | 1.59 (0.98, 2.57) | 1.82 (1.12, 2.95) | — | 1.49 (0.92, 2.42) | 1.69 (1.04, 2.75) | — |
| Syndromic | 11.76 (9.44, 14.66) | 11.37 (8.87, 14.58) | 31.83 (17.76, 57.05) | 10.64 (8.51, 13.31) | 10.35 (8.04,13.31) | 29.83 (16.64, 53.48) |
| Craniosynostosis | 6.36 (4.54, 8.92) | 5.96 (4.06, 8.73) | 12.26 (4.62, 32.50) | 6.09 (4.33, 8.58) | 5.72 (3.90, 8.41) | 11.49 (4.33, 30.49) |
| Non-syndromic | 1.27 (0.48, 3.36) | 1.46 (0.55, 3.85) | — | 1.24 (0.47, 3.27) | 1.43 (0.54, 3.77) | — |
| Syndromic | 16.48 (11.89, 22.84) | 15.53 (10.57, 22.81) | 43.60 (16.78, 113.26) | 15.66 (10.97, 21.51) | 14.39 (9.75, 21.24) | 39.94 (15.41, 103.54) |
| Craniofacial microsomia | 8.45 (4.76, 15.00) | 7. 97 (4.16, 15.28) | 25.02 (6.39, 97.97) | 8.05 (4.61, 14.07) | 7.58 (4.05, 14.20) | 24.11 (6.16, 94.37) |
PR prevalence ratio, ID intellectual disability, CI confidence interval.
aAdjusted for sex, mother’s age, race, socioeconomic disadvantage, remoteness, parity, plurality, birth weight and gestational age.