Table 4.
Association between intellectual disability and craniofacial anomalies (comparison group: children with congenital anomalies but not CFA).
| Comparison group (n) | Unadjusteda PR (95% CI) of craniofacial anomalies | Adjusteda PR (95% CI) of craniofacial anomalies | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All ID | Mild/moderate ID | Severe ID | All ID | Mild/moderate ID | Severe ID | |
| Other congenital anomalies (28,362) | 1.12 (0.95, 1.33) | 1.16 (0.97, 1.40) | 0.95 (0.59, 1.54) | 1.12 (0.94, 1.33) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.38) | 1.08 (0.67, 1.76) |
| Nervous system (1290) | 0.28 (0.24, 0.34) | 0.32 (0.26, 0.39) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.17) | 0.30 (0.25, 0.37) | 0.34 (0.27, 0.42) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.20) |
| Cardiovascular (5168) | 0.86 (0.72, 1.02) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.58, 1.67) | 0.89 (0.71, 1.04) | 0.82 (0.67, 1.01) | 1.14 (0.66, 1.96) |
| Respiratory (170) | 0.94 (0.58, 1.52) | 1.04 (0.60, 1.80) | 0.68 (0.20, 2.29) | 0.90 (0.53, 1.52) | 0.94 (0.52, 1.69) | 1.01 (0.24, 4.33) |
| Gastrointestinal (2006) | 1.28 (1.02, 1.60) | 1.35 (1.06, 1.73) | 0.98 (0.53, 1.81) | 1.36 (1.07, 1.72) | 1.40 (1.08, 1.82) | 1.19 (0.64, 2.24) |
| Musculoskeletal (6716) | 1.30 (1.08, 1.56) | 1.33 (1.09, 1.63) | 1.10 (0.65, 1.85) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.40) | 1.17 (0.95, 1.45) | 1.05 (0.62, 1.78) |
| Urogenital (9028) | 1.81 (1.51, 2.18) | 1.78 (1.46, 2.18) | 2.54 (1.46, 4.45) | 1.94 (1.60, 2.35) | 1.88 (1.52, 2.32) | 2.88 (1.64, 5.04) |
| Integument (2368) | 2.60 (2.00, 3.38) | 2.59 (1.95, 3.45) | 3.73 (1.61, 8.62) | 2.21 (1.68, 2.90) | 2.17 (1.61, 2.92) | 3.52 (1.52, 8.13) |
| Chromosomal (418) | 0.17 (0.14, 0.21) | 0.16 (0.13, 0.20) | 0.08 (0.05, 0.15) | 0.16 (0.13, 0.20) | 0.15 (0.12, 0.18) | 0.09 (0.05, 0.15) |
PR prevalence ratio, ID intellectual disability, CI confidence interval.
aAdjusted for sex, mother’s age, race, socioeconomic disadvantage, remoteness, parity, plurality, birth weight and gestational age.