Table 5.
Associations of autism spectrum disordera with craniofacial anomalies.
| Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | Adjustedb PR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Craniofacial anomalies | 2.28 (1.26, 4.11) | 2.11 (1.16, 3.80) |
| Non-syndromic | 1.01 (0.33, 3.12) | 0.93 (0.30, 2.88) |
| Syndromic | 4.32 (2.17, 5.59) | 3.98 (2.00, 7.95) |
| Contributing diagnosis | ||
| Orofacial clefts | 1.73 (0.78, 3.84) | 1.62 (0.73, 3.61) |
| Non-syndromic | — | — |
| Syndromic | 4.92 (2.22, 10.88) | 4.67 (2.11, 10.37) |
| Craniosynostosis | 4.72 (1.98, 11.25) | 4.01 (1.69, 9.51) |
| Non-syndromic | 4.28 (1.39, 13.15) | 3.67 (1.21, 11.18) |
| Syndromic | 5.64 (1.43, 22.23) | 4.72 (1.20, 18.60) |
| Craniofacial microsomia | — | — |
PR prevalence ratio, CI confidence interval.
aWith and without intellectual disability.
bAdjusted for sex, mother’s age, race, socioeconomic disadvantage, remoteness, parity, plurality, birth weight and gestational age.