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. 2022 Dec 7;612(7941):720–724. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05477-4

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 1 — The meta-regression within the MEMO model requires specification of ancestry clines. To ensure consistency in the meaning of ancestry clines across all five MEMO analyses (one for each phenotype) we created a single multidimensional scaling solution based on allele frequencies from all phenotypes in all participating cohorts. These solutions are plotted in panel a (circles correspond to TOPMed cohorts, squares are all other cohorts which used imputed microarray genotypes, and triangles are 1000 Genomes ancestry groups). Colors of points correspond to the primary assigned ancestry of each cohort (studies with < 90% of individuals coming from a single ancestry group are shown in grey). Panel b shows projection of principal components (after OADP transformation) of TOPMed individuals onto PCs of 1000 Genomes individuals, in colored triangles. Each 1000 Genomes individual is colored by their known ancestry. This PC information was used in assigning ancestry to TOPMed individuals for the purpose of reference panel creation (individuals of South Asian ancestry were not included in analyses). The PCs in panel b were reordered or reversed in some cases to align with panel a. These transformations are noted in the axis labels.