TABLE 2.
Association of nurse-reported workplace bullying with individual, employment, and organizational characteristics (bivariate analysis)
| Variable | Raw OR [95% CI] | Raw p Value |
|---|---|---|
| Individual characteristics | ||
| Gender: Male (ref = female) | 1.12 [0.72, 1.75] | .6019 |
| Age (ref = 21–30) | .3029 | |
| 31–40 | 1.39 [0.95, 2.02] | .0875 |
| 41–50 | 1.11 [0.74, 1.67] | .6171 |
| >50 | 0.99 [0.70, 1.42] | .9696 |
| Race (ref = White) | 6133 | |
| Black or African American | 0.80 [0.52, 1.25] | .3301 |
| Other | 0.93 [0.53, 1.63] | .7943 |
| Education (ref = Diploma/Associate) | .0502 | |
| Undergraduate | 1.30 [0.95, 1.77] | .0962 |
| Graduate (Master or Doctorate) | 1.76 [1.10, 2.82] | .0192 |
| Employment characteristics | ||
| Years worked as a registered nurse | 1.00 [0.98, 1.01] | .4640 |
| Years worked in present hospital | 1.00 [0.98, 1.02] | .9240 |
| Years worked on current unit | 1.01 [0.99, 1.02] | .4838 |
| Unit (ref = intensive care unit) | .1660 | |
| Medical | 1.30 [0.78, 2.14] | .3107 |
| Surgical | 0.93 [0.53, 1.61] | .7882 |
| Med/surgical | 0.94 [0.66, 1.34] | .7255 |
| Obstetrics | 0.64 [0.38, 1.08] | .0930 |
| Operating room/recovery room | 1.98 [1.04, 3.74] | .0364 |
| Pediatrics | 0.86 [0.38, 1.95] | .7168 |
| Psychiatry | 1.42 [0.66, 3.08] | .3696 |
| Rehabilitation | 1.41 [0.51, 3.91] | .5111 |
| Shift type (ref = day) | .9598 | |
| Evening/night | 0.96 [0.72, 1.28] | .8000 |
| Combination (day/night) | 1.03 [0.56, 1.89] | .9300 |
| Hours/week | 1.03 [1.02, 1.05] | <.0001 |
| Overtime/week | 1.02 [1.00, 1.04] | .0126 |
| Organizational characteristics | ||
| Region (ref = North) | .1403 | |
| West | 0.80 [0.27, 2.44] | .7004 |
| Southern | 0.59 [0.27, 1.26] | .1704 |
| East | 0.44 [0.23, 0.84] | .0129 |
| Southeast | 0.53 [0.26, 1.09] | .0839 |
| Rurality: Rural (ref = urban) | 0.68 [0.33, 1.40] | .2980 |
| Nurse participation in hospital affairs | 0.28 [0.22, 0.35] | <.0001 |
| Nursing foundations for quality of care | 0.20 [0.15, 0.27] | <.0001 |
| Nurse manager ability, leadership, and support of nurses | 0.35 [0.30, 0.42] | <.0001 |
| Staffing and resource adequacy | 0.40 [0.34, 0.48] | <.0001 |
| Collegial nurse–physician relations | 0.40 [0.33, 0.50] | <.0001 |
| Work environment composite score | 0.17 [0.13, 0.23] | <.0001 |
Note: The p values were obtained from an F test in a simple random effect logistic regression with workplace bullying as a dependent variable and hospital as a random effect.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence intervals; OR, odds ratios.