TABLE 5.

Associations between favorable nurse-reported patient safety grade and individual, employment, and organizational characteristics (bivariate analysis)

Variable	Raw OR [95% CI]	Raw p Value
Individual characteristics
Gender: Male (ref = female)	1.16 [0.71, 1.88]	.5570
Age (ref = 21–30)		.0122
31–40	1.30 [0.86, 1.96]	.2134
41–50	0.87 [0.57, 1.33]	.5127
>50	1.71 [1.15, 2.54]	.0075
Race (ref = White)		.0021
Black or African American	0.59 [0.38, 0.91]	.0177
Other	0.45 [0.25, 0.78]	.0045
Education (ref = Diploma/Associate)		.0218
Undergraduate	1.28 [0.93, 1.78]	.1353
Graduate (Master or Doctorate)	0.70 [0.43, 1.13]	.1412
Employment characteristics
Years worked as a registered nurse	1.01 [1.00, 1.03]	.0586
Years worked in present hospital	1.02 [1.00, 1.04]	.0385
Years worked on current unit	1.03 [1.01, 1.06]	.0065
Unit type (ref= intensive care unit)		<.0001
Medical	0.51 [0.29, 0.87]	.0143
Surgical	0.48 [0.27, 0.85]	.0123
Med/surgical	0.32 [0.22, 0.47]	<.0001
Obstetrics	1.01 [0.56, 1.81]	.9782
Operating room/recovery room	3.18 [1.09, 9.31]	.0349
Pediatrics	1.10 [0.42, 2.89]	.8527
Psychiatry	0.66 [0.28, 1.54]	.3342
Rehabilitation	0.30 [0.11, 0.84]	.0225
Shift type (ref = day shift)		.1251
Evening shift/night shift	1.15 [0.84, 1.57]	.3886
Combination (both day–night shift)	0.59 [0.32, 1.10]	.0958
Hours/week	0.99 [0.97, 1.01]	.1878
Overtime/week	0.99 [0.97, 1.00]	.1240
Organizational characteristics
Region (ref = North)		.0007
West	0.34 [0.13, 0.87]	.0236
Southern	1.06 [0.54, 2.07]	.8657
East	1.41 [0.85, 2.36]	.1874
Southeast	0.80 [0.45, 1.43]	.4574
Rurality: Rural (ref = urban)	3.15 [1.27, 7.80]	.0132
Nurse-reported workplace bullying
Bully Status Bullied (ref = not bullied)	0.38 [0.28, 0.51]	<.0001

Note: The p values were obtained from a simple random effect logistic regression with nurse-reported patient safety grade as dependent variable and hospital as random effect.