Table 2.
Patient and clinical characteristics for patients with no beta blocker therapy and chronic beta blocker therapy.
| Study Patients, (% percentage) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | No Beta Blocker Dispensing (n = 155,531) |
Chronic Beta Blocker Dispensing (n = 45,424) |
Unweighted Standardized Mean Difference |
Standardized Mean Difference After Weighting |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 69,165 (44.5%) | 23,060 (50.8%) | 0.13 | 0.06 |
| Female | 86,366 (55.5%) | 22,364 (49.2%) | 0.13 | 0.06 |
| Mean Age, (years) | 55.1 (55.0-55.2, 95% CI) | 63.8 (63.7-63.9 95% CI) | - | - |
| Age Group | ||||
| 18-49 years | 51,092 (32.9%) | 5,852 (12.9%) | 0.43 | 0.05 |
| 50-64 years | 70,152 (45.1%) | 19,233 (42.3%) | 0.06 | 0.01 |
| 65-74 years | 18,552 (11.9%) | 9,704 (21.4%) | 0.29 | 0.02 |
| ≥ 75 years | 15,735 (10.1%) | 10,605 (23.4%) | 0.44 | 0.04 |
| Procedure type | ||||
| Small bowel resection | 8,840 (5.7%) | 2,701 (6.0%) | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Large bowel resection | 80,626 (51.8%) | 22,543 (49.6%) | 0.04 | 0.03 |
| Pancreatic resection | 3,616 (2.32%) | 1,100 (2.42%) | 0.00 | 0.01 |
| Gastrectomy | 34,813 (22.4%) | 8,043 (17.7%) | 0.11 | 0.04 |
| Cystectomy | 4,186 (2.7%) | 1,781 (3.9%) | 0.08 | 0.01 |
| Nephrectomy | 23,450 (15.1%) | 9,256 (20.4%) | 0.14 | 0.01 |
| Region | ||||
| North Central | 41,988 (27.0%) | 14,808 (32.6%) | 0.13 | 0.01 |
| Northeast | 22,895 (14.7%) | 6,634 (14.6%) | 0.00 | 0.01 |
| South | 62,309 (40.1%) | 16,306 (35.9%) | 0.09 | 0.00 |
| West | 27,154 (17.5%) | 7,412 (16.3%) | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| Unknown/Missing | 1,185 (0.8%) | 264 (0.6%) | 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area Quintile of Beta-blocker Dispensing | ||||
| First Quintile | 4,396 (2.8%) | 1,172 (2.6%) | 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Second Quintile | 19,738 (12.7%) | 5,182 (11.4%) | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| Third Quintile | 74,026 (47.6%) | 21,082 (46.4%) | 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Fourth Quintile | 40,303 (25.9%) | 12.298 (27.1%) | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| Fifth quintile | 17,068 (11.0%) | 5.690 (22.6%) | 0.05 | 0.00 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus | 5,163 (3.3%) | 4,049 (8.9%) | 0.24 | 0.01 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 4,122 (2.7%) | 3,562 (7.8%) | 0.32 | 0.03 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 2,897 (1.9%) | 3,430 (7.6%) | 0.42 | 0.02 |
| Coronary Artery Disease | 8,518 (5.5%) | 12,467 (27.5%) | 0.97 | 0.01 |
| Heart Failure | 2,915 (1.9%) | 5,043 (11.1%) | 0.68 | 0.01 |
| Valve Pathology | 8,316 (5.4%) | 6,298 (13.9%) | 0.38 | 0.04 |
| Revised Cardiac Risk Index Score of 2 or greater | 3,315 (2.1%) | 6,698 (14.7%) | 0.24 | 0.01 |
| Perioperative Medications (within 60 days prior) | ||||
| Diuretic | 12,736 (8.2%) | 10,059 (22.1%) | 0.51 | 0.04 |
| Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor | 16,780 (10.8%) | 9,454 (20.8%) | 0.32 | 0.04 |
| Cardiac Glycoside | 659 (0.4%) | 1,255 (2.8%) | −0.36 | −0.02 |
| Calcium Channel Inhibitor | 13,020 (8.4%) | 8,642 (19.0%) | −0.39 | −0.05 |
| Anticoagulant | 5,056 (3.3%) | 3,841 (8.5%) | −0.29 | −0.02 |
| Anti-platelet | 1,541 (1.0%) | 3,432 (7.6%) | −0.66 | −0.01 |
| Anti-arrhythmic | 532 (0.3%) | 967 (2.1%) | −0.31 | −0.02 |
| Anti-lipidemic/Statin | 26,641 (17.1%) | 17,780 (39.1%) | −0.58 | −0.04 |
| Insulin | 3,281 (2.1%) | 2,633 (5.8%) | −0.26 | −0.01 |
| Antidiabetic | 12,496 (8.0%) | 7,281 (16.0%) | −0.29 | −0.03 |
| Bronchodilator | 225 (0.1%) | 74 (0.2%) | −0.01 | 0.00 |
| Thrombolytic | 3 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | Not included in analysis | Not included in analysis |
| Cardiac Drugs | 12,119 (7.79%) | 7,180 (15.8%) | −0.30 | −0.04 |
| Hypotensive Medication | 2,401 (1.5%) | 2,820 (6.2%) | −0.38 | −0.02 |
| Vasodilator | 759 (0.5%) | 2,060 (4.5%) | −0.58 | −0.02 |
| Existing Medications (within 365 days prior) | ||||
| Diuretic | 21,712 (14.0%) | 17,053 (37.5%) | −0.68 | −0.05 |
| Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor | 25,311 (16.3%) | 15,447 (34.0%) | −0.48 | −0.05 |
| Cardiac Glycoside | 944 (0.6%) | 2,046 (4.5%) | −0.50 | −0.02 |
| Calcium Channel Inhibitor | 18,333 (11.8%) | 13,406 (29.5%) | −0.55 | −0.06 |
| Anticoagulant | 5,189 (3.3%) | 5,568 (12.3%) | −0.50 | −0.01 |
| Anti-Platelet | 2,806 (1.8%) | 6,079 (13.4%) | −0.87 | −0.01 |
| Anti-arrhythmic | 847 (0.5%) | 1,686 (3.7%) | −0.43 | −0.03 |
| Anti-Lipidemic/Statin | 41,708 (26.8%) | 27,142 (59.8%) | −0.74 | −0.05 |
| Insulin | 4,767 (3.1%) | 3,851 (8.5%) | −0.31 | −0.02 |
| Anti-diabetic | 18,369 (11.8%) | 10,642 (23.4%) | −0.36 | −0.05 |
| Bronchodilator | 404 (0.3%) | 139 (0.3%) | −0.01 | −0.01 |
| Thrombolytic | 2 (0.0%) | 1 (0.0%) | Not included in analysis | Not included in analysis |
| Cardiac Drugs | 17,565 (11.3%) | 11,128 (24.5%) | −0.42 | −0.05 |
| Hypotensive Medication | 3,885 (2.5%) | 4,523 (10.0%) | −0.48 | −0.03 |
| Vasodilator | 1,722 (1.1%) | 4,696 (10.3%) | −0.88 | −0.02 |
| Cardiac Testing (within 60 days prior) | ||||
| Stress echocardiography | 2,248 (1.5%) | 923 (2.0%) | −0.05 | −0.02 |
| Other echocardiography | 8,916 (5.7%) | 4,751 (10.5%) | −0.20 | −0.03 |
| ECG | 77,371 (49.8%) | 26,046 (57.3%) | −0.15 | −0.02 |
| Exercise Treadmill or Pharmacological Stress Test | 8,949 (5.8%) | 5,367 (11.8%) | −0.26 | −0.02 |
| Myocardial Nuclear Imaging | 6,303 (4.1%) | 4,627 (10.25) | −0.31 | −0.02 |
| Stress Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 7 (0.0%) | 4 (0.0%) | Not included in analysis | Not included in analysis |
| Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) | 8 (0.0%) | 21 (0.15) | Not included in analysis | Not included in analysis |
| Heart Catheterization | 277 (0.2%) | 336 (0.7%) | −0.13 | −0.01 |
| Cardiac Testing (within 365 days prior) | ||||
| Stress echocardiography | 2,391 (1.5%) | 1,215 (2.7%) | −0.09 | −0.02 |
| Other echocardiography | 12,118 (7.8%) | 9,479 (20.9%) | −0.48 | −0.03 |
| ECG | 48,233 (31.0%) | 23,099 (50.9%) | −0.43 | −0.06 |
| Exercise Treadmill or Pharmacological Stress Test | 9,397 (6.0%) | 7,309 (16.1%) | −0.42 | −0.04 |
| Myocardial Nuclear Imaging | 6.621 (4.3%) | 6,342 (14.0%) | −0.48 | −0.04 |
| Stress Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 6 (0.0%) | 10 (0.0%) | Not included in analysis | Not included in analysis |
| Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) | 15 (0.0%) | 70 (0.2%) | Not included in analysis | Not included in analysis |
| Heart Catheterization | 456 (0.3%) | 901 (2.05) | −0.31 | −0.01 |
Frequencies and precents are reported for categorical variables, and 95% confidence intervals are reported for continuous variables. Propensity score weighting was used to determine the standardized difference between the no beta blocker group and the two other groups.